feat(feishu): interactive approval and question cards with buttons

Render Harness approval and single-choice question interactions as
interactive Feishu cards with approve/reject and answer buttons,
matching the already-available interactionCards behaviour. Cards are now
the default; set DSH_IM_INTERACTION_CARDS=0 (or interactionCards=false)
to keep the plain-text reply flow.

- bridge.mjs: approve:/reject:/answer: card actions, interactionCards
  option, gated approval render hook, interactive question presentation,
  and operationArguments/printableText helpers; refactor the inline
  question answer into #submitQuestionAnswer so both text replies and
  card buttons share one path.
- feishu-cards.mjs: approvalCard (approve/reject) and questionCard
  (option buttons) templates.
- feishu-runtime.mjs: default interactionCards from env (on).
- harness-approval.mjs: optional channel render hook + submitByApprovalId.
- i18n-en: add the new card t() keys.
- Tests: pin the plain-text reply flow in state-machine suites that
  drive it, and add dedicated card tests for the default approve/reject,
  answer buttons, and the text fallback. Full suite shows no new
  failures versus upstream.

src/channels/feishu/bridge.mjs

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import {
   MENU_PAGE_SIZE,
   PRESET_FOLLOW_DEFAULT_SENTINEL,
   STEER_CUSTOM_SENTINEL,
+  approvalCard,
   completionCard,
   customSteerCard,
   helpCard,
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ import {
   menuHelpText,
   modelCard,
   presetCard,
+  questionCard,
   sessionListCard,
   statusCard,
   steerCard,
@@ -140,6 +142,33 @@ const ARCHIVED_COMMAND = /^\/archived(?:\s+(on|off))?$/i;
 /** Matches fast card commands that should not be queued behind a running task. */
 const CARD_COMMAND = /^\/(?:m(?:enu)?|new|help|status|compact|(?:sessionlist|sessions)(?:\s|$)|workspacelist|watchlist|archived(?:\s+(on|off))?)$/i;
 
+/** Pretty-print a tool call's arguments for an approval card. */
+function operationArguments(toolCall) {
+  const source = toolCall?.arguments;
+  if (source !== null && typeof source === 'object') {
+    try {
+      return JSON.stringify(source, null, 2);
+    } catch {
+      return null;
+    }
+  }
+  if (typeof source !== 'string') return null;
+  const raw = printableText(source);
+  // Harness treats an empty tool argument string as an empty object.
+  if (!raw) return source === '' ? '{}' : null;
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(JSON.parse(raw), null, 2);
+  } catch {
+    return raw;
+  }
+}
+
+/** Strip control characters so the approval card text stays clean. */
+function printableText(value) {
+  return String(value ?? '')
+    .replace(/[\u0000-\u0008\u000b\u000c\u000e-\u001f\u007f]/g, '');
+}
+
 function isFeishuLocalCommand(text, { hasImages = false, hasFiles = false } = {}) {
   if (hasImages || hasFiles || typeof text !== 'string') return false;
   const command = text.trim();
@@ -462,6 +491,8 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
   /** Earliest completion that still needs delivery for each watch. */
   #failedWatchSeqs = new Map();
   #cardDataTimeoutMs;
+  /** When true, approval/question interactions render as Feishu cards (buttons). */
+  #interactionCards = true;
 
   constructor({
     client,
@@ -481,6 +512,7 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
     repairLinkWaitMs = REPAIR_LINK_WAIT_MS,
     cardDataTimeoutMs = CARD_DATA_TIMEOUT_MS,
     replyTimeoutMs = 600_000,
+    interactionCards = true,
     logger = console,
     signal,
   }) {
@@ -519,6 +551,7 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
     this.#repairLinkWaitMs = repairLinkWaitMs;
     this.#cardDataTimeoutMs = cardDataTimeoutMs;
     this.#replyTimeoutMs = replyTimeoutMs;
+    this.#interactionCards = interactionCards === true;
     this.#logger = logger;
     this.#approvals = new HarnessApprovalQueue({ label: 'Feishu', logger });
     this.#signal = signal;
@@ -1849,6 +1882,34 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
     // Confirmations triggered by a card interaction stay anchored to the
     // card's message so they land inside the same Feishu topic.
     const reply = (text) => this.#send(chatId, text, { replyTo: messageId });
+    // Approval card buttons: approve:<approvalId> / reject:<approvalId>
+    if (action.startsWith('approve:') || action.startsWith('reject:')) {
+      const sep = action.indexOf(':');
+      const approvalId = action.slice(sep + 1);
+      const outcome = action.startsWith('approve:') ? 'allowed-once' : 'rejected';
+      const submitted = await this.#approvals.submitByApprovalId(approvalId, outcome);
+      if (!submitted) {
+        await reply(t('该审批已处理或不存在，无需重复操作。')).catch(() => undefined);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    // Question option buttons: answer:<interactionId>:<optionLabel>
+    if (action.startsWith('answer:')) {
+      const rest = action.slice('answer:'.length);
+      const sep = rest.indexOf(':');
+      if (sep !== -1) {
+        const interactionId = rest.slice(0, sep);
+        const optionLabel = rest.slice(sep + 1);
+        const qKey = this.#interactionKeys.get(interactionId);
+        const pending = qKey ? this.#pendingInteractions.get(qKey) : null;
+        if (pending && pending.kind === 'question' && !pending.submitting) {
+          await this.#submitQuestionAnswer(pending, optionLabel, { chatId });
+        } else {
+          await reply(INTERACTION_RESOLVED_TEXT()).catch(() => undefined);
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+    }
     if (action === 'sessions' || /^sessions:\d+$/.test(action)) {
       const page = action === 'sessions' ? 0 : Number(action.slice('sessions:'.length));
       await this.#showSessions(
@@ -3552,7 +3613,18 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
     const question = pending.questions[pending.index];
     if (!question) return;
 
-    pending.answers.push(harnessAnswerForQuestion(question, text));
+    await this.#submitQuestionAnswer(pending, text, {
+      chatId: event.message.chat_id,
+      messageId,
+    });
+  }
+
+  async #submitQuestionAnswer(pending, answerText, { chatId, messageId } = {}) {
+    const question = pending.questions[pending.index];
+    if (!question) return;
+    pending.chatId = chatId ?? pending.chatId;
+
+    pending.answers.push(harnessAnswerForQuestion(question, answerText));
     pending.index += 1;
     if (pending.index < pending.questions.length) {
       if (pending.claimedReplyMessageId === messageId) {
@@ -3570,6 +3642,7 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
     }
 
     pending.submitting = true;
+    const key = pending.key;
     try {
       await pending.interaction.respond({
         ok: true,
@@ -3587,7 +3660,9 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
       if (error?.code === 'interaction-not-pending') {
         this.#rememberResolvedInteraction(key, pending);
         this.#clearPendingInteraction(key, pending.interactionId);
-        await this.#send(event.message.chat_id, INTERACTION_RESOLVED_TEXT(), { replyTo: event.message.message_id }).catch(() => undefined);
+        if (chatId && messageId) {
+          await this.#send(chatId, INTERACTION_RESOLVED_TEXT(), { replyTo: messageId }).catch(() => undefined);
+        }
         return;
       }
       pending.submitting = false;
@@ -3595,8 +3670,10 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
       pending.index -= 1;
       this.#status.lastError = '回答提交失败。';
       this.#logger.error?.('[dsh-feishu] failed to answer a Harness interaction');
-      await this.#send(event.message.chat_id, t('回答提交失败，请重新发送当前问题的答案。'))
+      if (chatId) {
-        .catch(() => undefined);
+        await this.#send(chatId, t('回答提交失败，请重新发送当前问题的答案。'))
+          .catch(() => undefined);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -3612,6 +3689,29 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
       actor,
       requiresMention,
       send: (text) => this.#send(chatId, text, { replyTo: replyToMessageId }),
+      // Approvals render as interactive cards with approve/reject buttons by
+      // default. Set the bridge `interactionCards` option (or
+      // DSH_IM_INTERACTION_CARDS=0) to keep the plain-text reply flow.
+      ...(this.#interactionCards
+        ? {
+            render: async (pending) => {
+              // Show the approval as an interactive card with approve/reject buttons.
+              await this.#sendCard(
+                chatId,
+                approvalCard({
+                  toolName: pending.toolCall?.name ?? pending.payload?.toolName,
+                  operation: operationArguments(pending.toolCall),
+                  reason: pending.payload?.reason,
+                  approvalId: pending.approvalId,
+                }),
+                { key, replyTo: replyToMessageId },
+              ).catch(() => {
+                // Fall back to the plain-text approval if the card cannot be sent.
+                return this.#send(chatId, pending.text, { replyTo: replyToMessageId }).catch(() => undefined);
+              });
+            },
+          }
+        : {}),
     })) return;
 
     // Approval requests return above; the existing question state machine stays unchanged.
@@ -3705,18 +3805,51 @@ export class FeishuHarnessBridge {
   async #presentInteraction(pending) {
     const question = pending.questions[pending.index];
     if (!question) return;
-    const messageId = await this.#send(
+    const options = Array.isArray(question?.options) ? question.options : [];
-      pending.chatId,
+    // Single-choice questions with options render as interactive cards by
-      harnessQuestionText(
+    // default. Multi-select or free-text questions and the text reply flow
-        question,
+    // remain when `interactionCards` is disabled (or DSH_IM_INTERACTION_CARDS=0).
-        pending.index,
+    const interactive = this.#interactionCards
-        pending.questions.length,
+      && options.length > 0
-        { requiresMention: pending.requiresMention },
+      && question.multiSelect !== true;
-      ),
+    let messageId;
-      // Reply to the message that started the turn so the question lands in
+    if (interactive) {
-      // the same Feishu thread/topic instead of the group's default area.
+      // Single-choice question with options: render each option as a button.
-      { replyTo: pending.replyToMessageId },
+      messageId = await this.#sendCard(
-    );
+        pending.chatId,
+        questionCard({
+          interactionId: pending.interactionId,
+          header: question.header,
+          question: question.question,
+          detail: question.detail,
+          options,
+          index: pending.index,
+          total: pending.questions.length,
+        }),
+        { key: pending.key, replyTo: pending.replyToMessageId },
+      ).catch(() => {
+        // Fall back to the plain-text question if the card cannot be sent.
+        return this.#send(
+          pending.chatId,
+          harnessQuestionText(question, pending.index, pending.questions.length, {
+            requiresMention: pending.requiresMention,
+          }),
+          { replyTo: pending.replyToMessageId },
+        ).catch(() => undefined);
+      });
+    } else {
+      // Multi-select or free-text questions keep the plain-text reply flow.
+      messageId = await this.#send(
+        pending.chatId,
+        harnessQuestionText(
+          question,
+          pending.index,
+          pending.questions.length,
+          { requiresMention: pending.requiresMention },
+        ),
+        { replyTo: pending.replyToMessageId },
+      );
+    }
     if (messageId) {
       pending.questionMessageIds.add(messageId);
       if (pending.inactive) this.#rememberResolvedInteraction(pending.key, pending);

src/channels/feishu/feishu-cards.mjs

@@ -865,3 +865,68 @@ export function customSteerCard() {
   ];
   return cardWith(t('➕ 自定义指令'), elements);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Interactive approval card with approve / reject buttons. Action values carry
+ * the approvalId so the card callback can submit the decision:
+ *   approve:<approvalId>  /  reject:<approvalId>
+ * `requiresMention` is advisory; a button click is itself the operator's
+ * explicit intent, so it does not need an @ mention in groups.
+ */
+export function approvalCard({ toolName, operation, reason, approvalId }) {
+  const elements = [];
+  if (toolName) {
+    elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(t('工具：{tool}', { tool: String(toolName) })) });
+  }
+  if (operation) {
+    // Cap the operation text so an oversized argument list cannot overflow the
+    // card (the plain-text path rejects >6000 chars; here we truncate so the
+    // approve/reject buttons still render).
+    const MAX_OPERATION_CHARS = 6_000;
+    const op = String(operation);
+    const shown = op.length > MAX_OPERATION_CHARS
+      ? `${op.slice(0, MAX_OPERATION_CHARS)}\n…（操作参数过长，已截断）`
+      : op;
+    elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(t('操作参数：\n{operation}', { operation: shown })) });
+  }
+  if (reason) {
+    elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(t('原因：{reason}', { reason: String(reason) })) });
+  }
+  elements.push(
+    { tag: 'hr' },
+    buttonPair(t('✅ 批准'), `approve:${approvalId}`, t('❌ 拒绝'), `reject:${approvalId}`),
+  );
+  return cardWith(t('🔐 工具审批'), elements);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Interactive question card. When the question carries options, each option is
+ * rendered as its own button; the selected option label is submitted via a
+ * card callback. Multi-select questions fall back to the plain-text flow (the
+ * caller decides), because a multi-select needs a confirm step.
+ * Action: answer:<interactionId>:<optionLabel>
+ */
+export function questionCard({ interactionId, header, question, detail, options, index, total }) {
+  const elements = [];
+  const progress = total > 1 ? `（${index + 1}/${total}）` : '';
+  if (header) elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(String(header)) });
+  const qText = typeof question === 'string' && question.trim() ? question : t('请输入你的回答。');
+  elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(String(qText)) });
+  if (detail) elements.push({ tag: 'div', text: markdown(String(detail)) });
+
+  if (Array.isArray(options) && options.length > 0) {
+    elements.push({ tag: 'hr' });
+    for (const option of options) {
+      const label = typeof option?.label === 'string' ? option.label : '';
+      if (!label) continue;
+      const description = typeof option?.description === 'string' && option.description.trim()
+        ? option.description.trim()
+        : '';
+      // Include the option description in the button so the user sees the full
+      // meaning (mirrors the text form "1. label — description").
+      const buttonText = description ? `${label}\n${description}` : label;
+      elements.push(button(buttonText, `answer:${interactionId}:${label}`));
+    }
+  }
+  return cardWith(t('❓ 请补充信息{progress}', { progress }), elements);
+}

src/channels/feishu/feishu-runtime.mjs

@@ -288,6 +288,11 @@ export class FeishuRuntime {
         groupResponseMode: this.#groupResponseMode,
         repair: this.#repair,
         replyTimeoutMs: this.#replyTimeoutMs,
+        // Interaction cards (approval/question buttons) are on by default.
+        // Set DSH_IM_INTERACTION_CARDS=0 to fall back to plain-text replies.
+        interactionCards: !['0', 'false', 'no', 'off'].includes(
+          String(process.env.DSH_IM_INTERACTION_CARDS ?? '').trim().toLowerCase(),
+        ),
         signal,
         logger: this.#logger,
       });

src/channels/shared/harness-approval.mjs

@@ -245,6 +245,10 @@ export class HarnessApprovalQueue {
       await this.#rejectInteraction(interaction, payload);
       return true;
     }
+    // Optional channel-provided renderer. When present, the approval is shown
+    // as an interactive card (e.g. Feishu approve/reject buttons) instead of
+    // plain text. Channels that don't provide one keep the text-reply path.
+    const render = typeof context?.render === 'function' ? context.render : null;
 
     const text = harnessApprovalText(payload, {
       toolCall: interaction.toolCall,
@@ -267,6 +271,7 @@ export class HarnessApprovalQueue {
       actor,
       requiresMention: context.requiresMention === true,
       send,
+      render,
       text,
       presented: false,
       presentationTask: null,
@@ -287,6 +292,20 @@ export class HarnessApprovalQueue {
     return true;
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Submit an approval decision by id, as triggered by a channel card button
+   * (e.g. Feishu approve/reject). Returns false when no matching pending
+   * approval is found. Callers may pass the acting user to enforce that only
+   * the originating actor can decide.
+   */
+  async submitByApprovalId(approvalId, outcome, { actor } = {}) {
+    const pending = this.#byId.get(cleanText(approvalId));
+    if (!pending || pending.inactive || pending.resolving || pending.submitting) return false;
+    if (actor !== undefined && pending.actor !== actor) return false;
+    await this.#submit(pending, outcome);
+    return true;
+  }
+
   async handleResolved(resolution) {
     if (resolution?.kind !== 'approval') return false;
     const pending = this.#byId.get(cleanText(resolution.interactionId));
@@ -353,7 +372,11 @@ export class HarnessApprovalQueue {
     if (this.#routes.get(pending.key)?.items[0] !== pending
       || pending.inactive || pending.resolving || pending.presented) return;
     if (pending.presentationTask) return pending.presentationTask;
-    const task = Promise.resolve().then(() => pending.send(pending.text));
+    // A channel-provided renderer shows the approval as an interactive card
+    // (e.g. approve/reject buttons); otherwise fall back to plain text.
+    const task = pending.render
+      ? Promise.resolve().then(() => pending.render(pending, pending.send))
+      : Promise.resolve().then(() => pending.send(pending.text));
     pending.presentationTask = task;
     try {
       await task;

src/channels/shared/i18n-en/feishu.mjs

@@ -356,4 +356,15 @@ export default {
     '⚠️ Repair verification failed: the dedicated test card could not be sent, so card.action.trigger cannot be confirmed restored. Do not authorize again; check the bot message permission and connection status first.',
   '⚠️ 修复验证中断：Runtime 已停止，未完成 card.action.trigger 实测，不能确认修复成功。请不要重复授权；先等待机器人恢复连接。':
     '⚠️ Repair verification interrupted: the Runtime stopped before the card.action.trigger test completed, so the repair cannot be confirmed. Do not authorize again; wait for the bot to reconnect.',
+
+  // feishu/bridge.mjs — interaction cards (approve/reject / answer buttons)
+  '该审批已处理或不存在，无需重复操作。':
+    'This approval has already been processed or does not exist; no need to repeat the action.',
+  // feishu/feishu-cards.mjs — approval card
+  '操作参数：\n{operation}': 'Operation parameters:\n{operation}',
+  '✅ 批准': '✅ Approve',
+  '❌ 拒绝': '❌ Reject',
+  '🔐 工具审批': '🔐 Tool approval',
+  // feishu/feishu-cards.mjs — question card
+  '❓ 请补充信息{progress}': '❓ Please provide more information{progress}',
 };

test/channels/feishu/bridge.test.mjs

@@ -1260,6 +1260,9 @@ test('a threaded Feishu reply answers a pending Harness question before the orig
       clearSession: async (key) => sessions.delete(key),
     },
     status,
+    // Pin the plain-text question/approval path (official behaviour). The
+    // default interactionCards=true is covered by dedicated card tests below.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
   });
 
@@ -1388,6 +1391,9 @@ test('a Harness question is presented as a threaded reply inside a topic group',
       clearSession: async (key) => sessions.delete(key),
     },
     status,
+    // Pin the plain-text threaded-reply question path. Default interaction
+    // cards are exercised by the dedicated card tests below.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
   });
 
@@ -1731,6 +1737,9 @@ test('Feishu handles approval replies on the fast lane and presents approvals in
     },
     state: fixture.state,
     status: bridgeStatus(),
+    // Pin the plain-text approval path (official behaviour). The default card
+    // approval with approve/reject buttons is covered by dedicated card tests.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
   });
 
@@ -1781,6 +1790,285 @@ test('Feishu handles approval replies on the fast lane and presents approvals in
   assert.equal(sent.at(-1).text, '两个审批均已处理');
 });
 
+test('an approval is presented as an interactive card with approve and reject buttons by default', async () => {
+  const fixture = stateFixture([['p2p:ou_user', 'session-approval-card']]);
+  const sent = [];
+  const decisions = [];
+  const decided = deferred();
+  const bridge = new FeishuHarnessBridge({
+    // No interactionCards option: the default (cards on) is under test.
+    client: cardClient(async (outgoing) => sent.push(outgoing)),
+    harness: {
+      sessionExists: async () => true,
+      createSession: async () => assert.fail('the existing session should be reused'),
+      ask: async (sessionId, _text, options) => {
+        await options.onInteraction({
+          kind: 'approval',
+          interactionId: 'approval-card-id',
+          rpcId: 'rpc-approval-card-id',
+          sessionId,
+          payload: {
+            type: 'approval/requested',
+            sessionId,
+            approvalId: 'approval-card-id',
+            toolName: 'bash',
+            callId: 'call-card',
+            reason: '需要执行一个危险命令',
+          },
+          toolCall: {
+            callId: 'call-card',
+            name: 'bash',
+            arguments: JSON.stringify({ operation: 'rm -rf /tmp/x' }),
+          },
+          respond: async (result) => {
+            decisions.push(result);
+            decided.resolve();
+            return { accepted: true };
+          },
+        });
+        await decided.promise;
+        return '审批已通过';
+      },
+    },
+    state: fixture.state,
+    status: bridgeStatus(),
+    allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
+  });
+
+  const turn = bridge.accept(event('approval-card-start', '执行危险命令'));
+  await eventually(
+    () => sent.some(({ msgType }) => msgType === 'interactive'),
+    'the approval card was not sent',
+  );
+
+  const card = cards(sent).at(-1).content;
+  const actions = buttonsFromCard(card).map(callbackAction).filter(Boolean);
+  assert.ok(actions.includes('approve:approval-card-id'), 'approve button action missing');
+  assert.ok(actions.includes('reject:approval-card-id'), 'reject button action missing');
+  // The approvalId must not leak into visible card text; it lives only in the
+  // approve/reject callback actions.
+  const visibleText = collectVisibleCardText(card);
+  assert.equal(visibleText.includes('approval-card-id'), false,
+    'approval id must not appear in visible card text');
+  assert.equal(decisions.length, 0);
+
+  await bridge.onCardAction(cardActionEvent('om_card_1', 'approve:approval-card-id', 'ou_user'));
+  await turn;
+  assert.deepEqual(decisions, [{
+    ok: true,
+    value: {
+      sessionId: 'session-approval-card',
+      approvalId: 'approval-card-id',
+      outcome: 'allowed-once',
+    },
+  }]);
+});
+
+test('approval card reject button submits a rejected outcome', async () => {
+  const fixture = stateFixture([['p2p:ou_user', 'session-approval-reject']]);
+  const sent = [];
+  const decisions = [];
+  const decided = deferred();
+  const bridge = new FeishuHarnessBridge({
+    client: cardClient(async (outgoing) => sent.push(outgoing)),
+    harness: {
+      sessionExists: async () => true,
+      createSession: async () => assert.fail('the existing session should be reused'),
+      ask: async (sessionId, _text, options) => {
+        await options.onInteraction({
+          kind: 'approval',
+          interactionId: 'approval-reject-id',
+          rpcId: 'rpc-approval-reject-id',
+          sessionId,
+          payload: {
+            type: 'approval/requested',
+            sessionId,
+            approvalId: 'approval-reject-id',
+            toolName: 'write_file',
+            callId: 'call-reject',
+            reason: '覆盖现有文件',
+          },
+          toolCall: {
+            callId: 'call-reject',
+            name: 'write_file',
+            arguments: JSON.stringify({ path: '/etc/hosts' }),
+          },
+          respond: async (result) => {
+            decisions.push(result);
+            decided.resolve();
+            return { accepted: true };
+          },
+        });
+        await decided.promise;
+        return '已拒绝';
+      },
+    },
+    state: fixture.state,
+    status: bridgeStatus(),
+    allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
+  });
+
+  const turn = bridge.accept(event('approval-reject-start', '覆盖文件'));
+  await eventually(
+    () => sent.some(({ msgType }) => msgType === 'interactive'),
+    'the approval card was not sent',
+  );
+
+  await bridge.onCardAction(cardActionEvent('om_card_1', 'reject:approval-reject-id', 'ou_user'));
+  await turn;
+  assert.deepEqual(decisions, [{
+    ok: true,
+    value: {
+      sessionId: 'session-approval-reject',
+      approvalId: 'approval-reject-id',
+      outcome: 'rejected',
+    },
+  }]);
+});
+
+test('a single-choice question is presented as a card with option buttons by default', async () => {
+  const fixture = stateFixture([['p2p:ou_user', 'session-question-card']]);
+  const sent = [];
+  const submitted = deferred();
+  const bridge = new FeishuHarnessBridge({
+    client: cardClient(async (outgoing) => sent.push(outgoing)),
+    harness: {
+      sessionExists: async () => true,
+      createSession: async () => assert.fail('the existing session should be reused'),
+      ask: async (sessionId, _text, options) => {
+        await options.onInteraction({
+          kind: 'question',
+          interactionId: 'question-card-id',
+          rpcId: 'rpc-question-card-id',
+          sessionId,
+          payload: {
+            type: 'question/requested',
+            sessionId,
+            questions: [{
+              id: 'env',
+              header: '测试环境',
+              question: '请选择测试环境',
+              options: [{ label: '测试环境' }, { label: '生产环境' }],
+            }],
+          },
+          respond: async (result) => {
+            submitted.resolve(result);
+            return { accepted: true };
+          },
+        });
+        await submitted.promise;
+        return '你选择了：测试环境';
+      },
+    },
+    state: fixture.state,
+    status: bridgeStatus(),
+    allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
+  });
+
+  const turn = bridge.accept(event('question-card-start', '请先调用 ask_user_question'));
+  await eventually(
+    () => sent.some(({ msgType }) => msgType === 'interactive'),
+    'the question card was not sent',
+  );
+
+  const card = cards(sent).at(-1).content;
+  const actions = buttonsFromCard(card).map(callbackAction).filter(Boolean);
+  assert.ok(actions.includes('answer:question-card-id:测试环境'),
+    'first option button action missing');
+  assert.ok(actions.includes('answer:question-card-id:生产环境'),
+    'second option button action missing');
+
+  await bridge.onCardAction(
+    cardActionEvent('om_card_1', 'answer:question-card-id:测试环境', 'ou_user'),
+  );
+  await turn;
+  assert.deepEqual(await submitted.promise, {
+    ok: true,
+    value: {
+      sessionId: 'session-question-card',
+      answer: {
+        answers: [{ id: 'env', selected: ['测试环境'] }],
+      },
+    },
+  });
+});
+
+test('an interaction card falls back to plain text when the card send fails', async () => {
+  const fixture = stateFixture([['p2p:ou_user', 'session-approval-fallback']]);
+  const sent = [];
+  const decisions = [];
+  const decided = deferred();
+  const failingCard = {
+    im: { v1: { message: {
+      create: async (request) => {
+        if (request.data.msg_type === 'interactive') {
+          throw new Error('card disabled');
+        }
+        const outgoing = { text: JSON.parse(request.data.content).text };
+        sent.push(outgoing);
+        return { code: 0, data: { message_id: `om_fb_${sent.length}` } };
+      },
+    } } },
+  };
+  const bridge = new FeishuHarnessBridge({
+    client: failingCard,
+    harness: {
+      sessionExists: async () => true,
+      createSession: async () => assert.fail('the existing session should be reused'),
+      ask: async (sessionId, _text, options) => {
+        await options.onInteraction({
+          kind: 'approval',
+          interactionId: 'approval-fallback-id',
+          rpcId: 'rpc-approval-fallback-id',
+          sessionId,
+          payload: {
+            type: 'approval/requested',
+            sessionId,
+            approvalId: 'approval-fallback-id',
+            toolName: 'bash',
+            callId: 'call-fallback',
+            reason: '审批文本降级测试',
+          },
+          toolCall: {
+            callId: 'call-fallback',
+            name: 'bash',
+            arguments: JSON.stringify({ operation: 'echo hello' }),
+          },
+          respond: async (result) => {
+            decisions.push(result);
+            decided.resolve();
+            return { accepted: true };
+          },
+        });
+        await decided.promise;
+        return '审批已通过';
+      },
+    },
+    state: fixture.state,
+    status: bridgeStatus(),
+    allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
+  });
+
+  const turn = bridge.accept(event('approval-fallback-start', '触发降级'));
+  await eventually(
+    () => sent.some(({ text }) => text.includes('审批文本降级测试')),
+    'approval did not fall back to plain text after a card send failure',
+  );
+  assert.equal(sent.some(({ text }) => text.includes('approval-fallback-id')), false);
+
+  // The text fallback keeps the official approve/reject reply flow working.
+  await bridge.accept(event('approval-fallback-allow', '批准'));
+  await turn;
+  assert.deepEqual(decisions, [{
+    ok: true,
+    value: {
+      sessionId: 'session-approval-fallback',
+      approvalId: 'approval-fallback-id',
+      outcome: 'allowed-once',
+    },
+  }]);
+});
+
 test('question replays are deduplicated and an unrenderable approval is safely rejected', async () => {
   const fixture = stateFixture();
   const sent = [];
@@ -2411,6 +2699,10 @@ test('a multi-question interaction keeps ordered canonical answers', async () =>
     },
     state: fixture.state,
     status: bridgeStatus(),
+    // Pin the plain-text question path so the ordered (1/2)-(2/2) flow and the
+    // multi-select (text) presentation can be asserted directly. Default
+    // interaction cards are covered by dedicated card tests.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
   });
 
@@ -2499,6 +2791,9 @@ test('the second answer bypasses the first answer reaction-finalization window',
     },
     state: fixture.state,
     status: bridgeStatus(),
+    // Pin the plain-text question path so the reaction-finalization window
+    // assertions stay valid. Default interaction cards are card-tested below.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_user']),
   });
 
@@ -2577,6 +2872,9 @@ test('a group interaction question tells the user to mention the bot again', asy
     },
     state: fixture.state,
     status: bridgeStatus(),
+    // Pin the plain-text mention reminder. Default interaction cards are
+    // covered by the dedicated card tests below.
+    interactionCards: false,
     allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['ou_a']),
   });
 
@@ -4563,6 +4861,28 @@ test('preset card selection does not expose internal update errors', async () =>
 
 function cards(messages) { return messages.filter((m) => m.msgType === 'interactive'); }
 
+// Collect every visible text fragment of a Card 2.0 object (the "lark_md" and
+// "plain_text" elements) while deliberately excluding callback action values,
+// which may legitimately carry identifiers such as approval ids or answer labels.
+function collectVisibleCardText(card) {
+  const fragments = [];
+  const visit = (value) => {
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      for (const item of value) visit(item);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!value || typeof value !== 'object') return;
+    if ((value.tag === 'lark_md' || value.tag === 'plain_text')
+      && typeof value.content === 'string') {
+      fragments.push(value.content);
+      return;
+    }
+    for (const child of Object.values(value)) visit(child);
+  };
+  visit(card);
+  return fragments.join('\n');
+}
+
 test('/sessions alias uses the interactive session list and paginates across 25 sessions', async () => {
   const fixture = stateFixture();
   const sent = [];

test/channels/shared/context-enhancement-bridges.test.mjs

@@ -155,6 +155,11 @@ function fixture(channel, { contextEnhancement, onAsk } = {}) {
     });
   } else {
     bridge = new FeishuHarnessBridge({ ...dependencies, status: {}, allowedSenderOpenIds: new Set(['*']),
+      // This shared suite asserts that approval/question replies are not
+      // context-enhanced. It drives the plain-text reply flow, so pin the
+      // text presentation; the default interaction cards are tested in the
+      // Feishu bridge tests.
+      interactionCards: false,
       channel: {}, client: { im: { v1: {
         message: { create: async (request) => {
           calls.push(['createMessage', request]);