Harden auth with revocable sessions, cookies, and single-login default.

Issue short-lived access JWTs backed by AuthSession rows, HttpOnly cookies with refresh rotation, idle timeout, session management UI, WebCRT ownership caps, and optional Redis login rate limits; new logins revoke other sessions by default.

Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>

alembic/versions/20260806_auth_refresh.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""Add refresh token columns on auth_session.
+
+Revision ID: 20260806_auth_refresh
+Revises: 20260806_auth_session
+Create Date: 2026-08-06
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "20260806_auth_refresh"
+down_revision: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = "20260806_auth_session"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    from netx_api.schema_patches import apply_auth_schema_patches
+
+    apply_auth_schema_patches(op.get_bind())
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    bind = op.get_bind()
+    dialect = bind.dialect.name
+    if dialect == "postgresql":
+        op.execute("ALTER TABLE auth_session DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS refresh_expires_at")
+        op.execute("ALTER TABLE auth_session DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS refresh_token_hash")
+    else:
+        try:
+            op.drop_column("auth_session", "refresh_expires_at")
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+        try:
+            op.drop_column("auth_session", "refresh_token_hash")
+        except Exception:
+            pass

alembic/versions/20260806_auth_session.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""Create auth_session table for revocable JWT logins.
+
+Revision ID: 20260806_auth_session
+Revises: 20260802_legacy
+Create Date: 2026-08-06
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Sequence, Union
+
+from alembic import op
+
+revision: str = "20260806_auth_session"
+down_revision: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = "20260802_legacy"
+branch_labels: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+depends_on: Union[str, Sequence[str], None] = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    from netx_api.schema_patches import apply_auth_schema_patches
+
+    apply_auth_schema_patches(op.get_bind())
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    bind = op.get_bind()
+    dialect = bind.dialect.name
+    if dialect == "postgresql":
+        op.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS auth_session")
+    else:
+        try:
+            op.drop_table("auth_session")
+        except Exception:
+            pass

docs/ALEMBIC.md

@@ -43,3 +43,5 @@ If Alembic history was never stamped and you prefer to mark current without re-r
 |----------|---------|
 | `20260802_scopes` | `app_user.scopes` / `api_token.scopes` |
 | `20260802_legacy` | Shared brownfield patches (alarms, inventory, managed_ne, topology, port traffic, key-alert, …) |
+| `20260806_auth_session` | Revocable JWT login sessions (`auth_session`) |
+| `20260806_auth_refresh` | Refresh token columns on `auth_session` |

netx_api/auth_cookies.py

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+"""Auth cookie helpers (HttpOnly access + refresh)."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+from fastapi import Response
+from starlette.requests import Request
+
+from .config import settings
+
+COOKIE_ACCESS = "netx_at"
+COOKIE_REFRESH = "netx_rt"
+
+
+def _cookie_secure(request: Request | None = None) -> bool:
+    configured = getattr(settings, "auth_cookie_secure", None)
+    if configured is True:
+        return True
+    if configured is False:
+        return False
+    # Auto: secure when request is HTTPS (or behind TLS-terminating proxy).
+    if request is None:
+        return False
+    if request.url.scheme == "https":
+        return True
+    fwd = str(request.headers.get("x-forwarded-proto") or "").split(",")[0].strip().lower()
+    return fwd == "https"
+
+
+def _cookie_samesite() -> str:
+    raw = str(getattr(settings, "auth_cookie_samesite", "lax") or "lax").strip().lower()
+    if raw in ("lax", "strict", "none"):
+        return raw
+    return "lax"
+
+
+def access_cookie_max_age() -> int:
+    return max(300, int(getattr(settings, "auth_token_ttl_sec", 3600) or 3600))
+
+
+def refresh_cookie_max_age() -> int:
+    return max(3600, int(getattr(settings, "auth_refresh_ttl_sec", 604800) or 604800))
+
+
+def set_auth_cookies(
+    response: Response,
+    *,
+    access_token: str,
+    refresh_token: str,
+    request: Request | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    if not bool(getattr(settings, "auth_cookie_enabled", True)):
+        return
+    secure = _cookie_secure(request)
+    samesite = _cookie_samesite()
+    # SameSite=None requires Secure.
+    if samesite == "none":
+        secure = True
+    common: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "httponly": True,
+        "secure": secure,
+        "samesite": samesite,
+        "path": "/",
+    }
+    response.set_cookie(
+        COOKIE_ACCESS,
+        access_token,
+        max_age=access_cookie_max_age(),
+        **common,
+    )
+    response.set_cookie(
+        COOKIE_REFRESH,
+        refresh_token,
+        max_age=refresh_cookie_max_age(),
+        **common,
+    )
+
+
+def clear_auth_cookies(response: Response, *, request: Request | None = None) -> None:
+    secure = _cookie_secure(request)
+    samesite = _cookie_samesite()
+    if samesite == "none":
+        secure = True
+    for name in (COOKIE_ACCESS, COOKIE_REFRESH):
+        response.delete_cookie(name, path="/", secure=secure, httponly=True, samesite=samesite)
+
+
+def read_access_cookie(request: Request) -> str:
+    return str(request.cookies.get(COOKIE_ACCESS) or "").strip()
+
+
+def read_refresh_cookie(request: Request) -> str:
+    return str(request.cookies.get(COOKIE_REFRESH) or "").strip()

netx_api/auth_deps.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from typing import Annotated, Callable
 from fastapi import Depends, HTTPException, Request
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 
+from .auth_cookies import read_access_cookie
 from .auth_scopes import (
     ALL_SCOPES,
     effective_token_scopes,
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ from .auth_scopes import (
     has_scope,
     normalize_scopes,
 )
-from .auth_service import get_user_by_id, resolve_api_token_row
+from .auth_service import get_auth_session, get_user_by_id, resolve_api_token_row, touch_auth_session
 from .auth_tokens import decode_access_token
 from .config import settings
 from .db import get_db
@@ -29,23 +30,25 @@ class AuthContext:
     auth_via: str  # jwt | api_token | disabled
     scopes: frozenset[str] = field(default_factory=frozenset)
     api_token_id: str = ""
+    session_jti: str = ""
 
 
 def _extract_bearer(request: Request) -> str:
     auth = str(request.headers.get("authorization") or "").strip()
     if auth.lower().startswith("bearer "):
         return auth[7:].strip()
-    # Prefer Header; query access_token is deprecated (WebSocket may still use short-lived tickets).
+    # Prefer Authorization; fall back to HttpOnly access cookie for browser sessions.
-    q = request.query_params.get("access_token")
+    return read_access_cookie(request)
-    return str(q or "").strip()
 
 
 def user_scopes(user: AppUser) -> frozenset[str]:
     return effective_user_scopes(role=str(user.role or "user"), override=getattr(user, "scopes", None) or [])
 
 
-def resolve_user_from_token(db: Session, token: str) -> tuple[AppUser, str, frozenset[str], str] | None:
+def resolve_user_from_token(
-    """Return (user, via, scopes, api_token_id) or None."""
+    db: Session, token: str
+) -> tuple[AppUser, str, frozenset[str], str, str] | None:
+    """Return (user, via, scopes, api_token_id, session_jti) or None."""
     raw = str(token or "").strip()
     if not raw:
         return None
@@ -60,17 +63,26 @@ def resolve_user_from_token(db: Session, token: str) -> tuple[AppUser, str, froz
             user_scopes=user_scopes(user),
             token_scopes=getattr(row, "scopes", None) or [],
         )
-        return user, "api_token", scopes, str(row.id)
+        return user, "api_token", scopes, str(row.id), ""
     try:
         payload = decode_access_token(raw)
     except Exception:
         return None
     if str(payload.get("typ") or "") not in ("", "access"):
         return None
+    jti = str(payload.get("jti") or "").strip()
+    if not jti:
+        return None
+    sess = get_auth_session(db, jti)
+    if sess is None:
+        return None
     user = get_user_by_id(db, str(payload.get("sub") or ""))
     if user is None or not user.is_active:
         return None
-    return user, "jwt", user_scopes(user), ""
+    if str(sess.user_id) != str(user.id):
+        return None
+    touch_auth_session(db, jti)
+    return user, "jwt", user_scopes(user), "", jti
 
 
 def get_optional_user(
@@ -86,19 +98,25 @@ def get_optional_user(
         if not isinstance(scopes, frozenset):
             scopes = user_scopes(cached)
         token_id = str(getattr(request.state, "auth_api_token_id", "") or "")
-        return AuthContext(user=cached, auth_via=via, scopes=scopes, api_token_id=token_id)
+        jti = str(getattr(request.state, "auth_session_jti", "") or "")
+        return AuthContext(
+            user=cached, auth_via=via, scopes=scopes, api_token_id=token_id, session_jti=jti
+        )
     token = _extract_bearer(request)
     if not token:
         return None
     resolved = resolve_user_from_token(db, token)
     if resolved is None:
         return None
-    user, via, scopes, token_id = resolved
+    user, via, scopes, token_id, jti = resolved
     request.state.auth_user = user
     request.state.auth_via = via
     request.state.auth_scopes = scopes
     request.state.auth_api_token_id = token_id
-    return AuthContext(user=user, auth_via=via, scopes=scopes, api_token_id=token_id)
+    request.state.auth_session_jti = jti
+    return AuthContext(
+        user=user, auth_via=via, scopes=scopes, api_token_id=token_id, session_jti=jti
+    )
 
 
 def require_user(

netx_api/auth_middleware.py

@@ -29,12 +29,23 @@ _PUBLIC_EXACT = frozenset(
         "/v1/metrics/json",
         "/favicon.ico",
         "/v1/auth/login",
+        "/v1/auth/refresh",
     }
 )
 _PUBLIC_PREFIXES = (
     "/assets",
 )
 
+# While must_change_password is true, only these authenticated endpoints are allowed.
+_PASSWORD_CHANGE_ALLOW = frozenset(
+    {
+        ("GET", "/v1/auth/me"),
+        ("POST", "/v1/auth/change-password"),
+        ("POST", "/v1/auth/logout"),
+        ("GET", "/v1/auth/sessions"),
+    }
+)
+
 
 def _docs_public() -> bool:
     return bool(getattr(settings, "docs_enabled", False))
@@ -92,10 +103,11 @@ class AuthAuditMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
         auth = str(request.headers.get("authorization") or "").strip()
         if auth.lower().startswith("bearer "):
             token = auth[7:].strip()
-        # Query access_token: only allow for non-webcrt paths as deprecated fallback;
+        if not token:
-        # WebCRT HTTP must use Authorization header (see webcrt_router).
+            from .auth_cookies import read_access_cookie
-        if not token and not path.startswith("/v1/webcrt"):
+
-            token = str(request.query_params.get("access_token") or "").strip()
+            token = read_access_cookie(request)
+        # Query-string access_token is no longer accepted (leaks via logs/proxies).
 
         db = SessionLocal()
         try:
@@ -112,7 +124,26 @@ class AuthAuditMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
                     detail={},
                 )
                 return JSONResponse(status_code=401, content={"detail": "unauthorized"})
-            user, via, scopes, token_id = resolved
+            user, via, scopes, token_id, jti = resolved
+            if bool(getattr(user, "must_change_password", False)):
+                allow_key = (request.method.upper(), path.rstrip("/") if len(path) > 1 else path)
+                if allow_key not in _PASSWORD_CHANGE_ALLOW:
+                    write_audit(
+                        db,
+                        action="auth.password_change_required",
+                        actor_user_id=str(user.id),
+                        actor_username=str(user.username),
+                        method=request.method,
+                        path=path,
+                        status_code=403,
+                        client_ip=_client_ip(request),
+                        user_agent=str(request.headers.get("user-agent") or "")[:512],
+                        detail={"auth_via": via},
+                    )
+                    return JSONResponse(
+                        status_code=403,
+                        content={"detail": "password_change_required"},
+                    )
             need = required_scope_for_request(request.method, path)
             if need and not has_scope(scopes, need):
                 write_audit(
@@ -141,6 +172,7 @@ class AuthAuditMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
             request.state.auth_via = via
             request.state.auth_scopes = scopes
             request.state.auth_api_token_id = token_id
+            request.state.auth_session_jti = jti
             actor_id = str(user.id)
             actor_name = str(user.username)
             auth_via = via

netx_api/auth_rate_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+"""Login brute-force protection: Redis when configured, else in-process."""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+import threading
+import time
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Any
+
+from .config import settings
+
+_log = logging.getLogger("netx.auth.rate")
+
+_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+@dataclass
+class _Bucket:
+    window_start: float
+    failures: int
+    locked_until: float = 0.0
+
+
+_buckets: dict[str, _Bucket] = {}
+_redis_client: Any | None = None
+_redis_failed = False
+
+
+def _key(username: str, client_ip: str) -> str:
+    return f"{str(client_ip or '').strip().lower()}|{str(username or '').strip().lower()}"
+
+
+def _limits() -> tuple[int, int, int]:
+    max_fail = max(3, int(getattr(settings, "auth_login_max_failures", 10) or 10))
+    window = max(60, int(getattr(settings, "auth_login_window_sec", 300) or 300))
+    lockout = max(60, int(getattr(settings, "auth_login_lockout_sec", 900) or 900))
+    return max_fail, window, lockout
+
+
+def _get_redis() -> Any | None:
+    global _redis_client, _redis_failed
+    url = str(getattr(settings, "auth_redis_url", "") or "").strip()
+    if not url:
+        return None
+    if _redis_failed:
+        return None
+    if _redis_client is not None:
+        return _redis_client
+    try:
+        import redis  # type: ignore
+
+        client = redis.Redis.from_url(url, decode_responses=True, socket_connect_timeout=0.5)
+        client.ping()
+        _redis_client = client
+        _log.info("auth login rate-limit using Redis")
+        return _redis_client
+    except Exception:
+        _redis_failed = True
+        _log.warning("auth Redis unavailable; falling back to in-process rate-limit", exc_info=True)
+        return None
+
+
+def login_lock_remaining(username: str, client_ip: str) -> float:
+    """Seconds remaining on lockout, or 0 if not locked."""
+    k = _key(username, client_ip)
+    r = _get_redis()
+    if r is not None:
+        try:
+            ttl = r.ttl(f"netx:auth:lock:{k}")
+            if isinstance(ttl, int) and ttl > 0:
+                return float(ttl)
+            return 0.0
+        except Exception:
+            _log.debug("redis lock_remaining failed", exc_info=True)
+    now = time.time()
+    with _lock:
+        row = _buckets.get(k)
+        if row is None:
+            return 0.0
+        return max(0.0, float(row.locked_until) - now)
+
+
+def register_login_failure(username: str, client_ip: str) -> float:
+    """Record a failed login. Returns lock remaining seconds (0 if not yet locked)."""
+    max_fail, window, lockout = _limits()
+    k = _key(username, client_ip)
+    r = _get_redis()
+    if r is not None:
+        try:
+            lock_key = f"netx:auth:lock:{k}"
+            fail_key = f"netx:auth:fail:{k}"
+            existing = r.ttl(lock_key)
+            if isinstance(existing, int) and existing > 0:
+                return float(existing)
+            count = int(r.incr(fail_key))
+            if count == 1:
+                r.expire(fail_key, window)
+            if count >= max_fail:
+                r.setex(lock_key, lockout, "1")
+                r.delete(fail_key)
+                return float(lockout)
+            return 0.0
+        except Exception:
+            _log.debug("redis register_failure failed; using memory", exc_info=True)
+
+    now = time.time()
+    with _lock:
+        row = _buckets.get(k)
+        if row is None or (now - row.window_start) > window:
+            row = _Bucket(window_start=now, failures=0)
+            _buckets[k] = row
+        if row.locked_until > now:
+            return float(row.locked_until - now)
+        row.failures += 1
+        if row.failures >= max_fail:
+            row.locked_until = now + lockout
+            return float(lockout)
+        return 0.0
+
+
+def clear_login_failures(username: str, client_ip: str) -> None:
+    k = _key(username, client_ip)
+    r = _get_redis()
+    if r is not None:
+        try:
+            r.delete(f"netx:auth:fail:{k}", f"netx:auth:lock:{k}")
+        except Exception:
+            _log.debug("redis clear_failures failed", exc_info=True)
+    with _lock:
+        _buckets.pop(k, None)
+
+
+def reset_login_rate_limit_for_tests() -> None:
+    global _redis_client, _redis_failed
+    with _lock:
+        _buckets.clear()
+    _redis_client = None
+    _redis_failed = False

netx_api/auth_router.py

@@ -4,15 +4,17 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Annotated, Any
 
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Query, Request
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Query, Request, Response
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 
+from .auth_cookies import clear_auth_cookies, read_refresh_cookie, set_auth_cookies
 from .auth_deps import AuthContext, require_admin, require_user
 from .auth_schemas import (
     ApiTokenCreateRequest,
     ApiTokenUpdateRequest,
     ChangePasswordRequest,
     LoginRequest,
+    RefreshRequest,
     UserCreateRequest,
     UserUpdateRequest,
 )
@@ -23,14 +25,23 @@ from .auth_service import (
     create_user,
     list_api_tokens,
     list_audit_logs,
+    list_auth_sessions,
     list_users,
     login_issue_token,
+    refresh_login_tokens,
     revoke_api_token,
+    revoke_auth_session_for_user,
+    revoke_auth_sessions,
     update_api_token,
     update_user,
     user_public,
     write_audit,
 )
+from .auth_rate_limit import (
+    clear_login_failures,
+    login_lock_remaining,
+    register_login_failure,
+)
 from .db import get_db
 
 router = APIRouter(tags=["auth"])
@@ -42,11 +53,45 @@ def _client_meta(request: Request) -> tuple[str, str]:
     return ip, ua
 
 
+def _token_response(response: Response, request: Request, out: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    access = str(out.get("access_token") or "")
+    refresh = str(out.get("refresh_token") or "")
+    if access and refresh:
+        set_auth_cookies(response, access_token=access, refresh_token=refresh, request=request)
+    # Keep tokens in JSON for API clients / scripts; browsers rely on HttpOnly cookies.
+    return out
+
+
 @router.post("/v1/auth/login")
-def api_login(body: LoginRequest, request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db)) -> dict[str, Any]:
+def api_login(
+    body: LoginRequest,
+    request: Request,
+    response: Response,
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
     ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
+    locked = login_lock_remaining(body.username, ip)
+    if locked > 0:
+        write_audit(
+            db,
+            action="auth.login_locked",
+            actor_username=str(body.username or "").strip(),
+            method="POST",
+            path="/v1/auth/login",
+            status_code=429,
+            client_ip=ip,
+            user_agent=ua,
+            detail={"retry_after_sec": int(locked)},
+        )
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=429,
+            detail={"error": "login_locked", "retry_after_sec": int(locked)},
+        )
     user = authenticate_user(db, body.username, body.password)
     if user is None:
+        remaining = register_login_failure(body.username, ip)
         write_audit(
             db,
             action="auth.login_failed",
@@ -56,12 +101,16 @@ def api_login(body: LoginRequest, request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db
             status_code=401,
             client_ip=ip,
             user_agent=ua,
-            detail={},
+            detail={"locked": remaining > 0, "retry_after_sec": int(remaining)},
+        )
+        if remaining > 0:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=429,
+                detail={"error": "login_locked", "retry_after_sec": int(remaining)},
             )
-        from fastapi import HTTPException
-
         raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="invalid_credentials")
-    out = login_issue_token(user)
+    clear_login_failures(body.username, ip)
+    out = login_issue_token(db, user, client_ip=ip, user_agent=ua)
     write_audit(
         db,
         action="auth.login",
@@ -74,16 +123,71 @@ def api_login(body: LoginRequest, request: Request, db: Session = Depends(get_db
         user_agent=ua,
         detail={"role": user.role},
     )
-    return out
+    return _token_response(response, request, out)
+
+
+@router.post("/v1/auth/refresh")
+def api_refresh(
+    body: RefreshRequest,
+    request: Request,
+    response: Response,
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
+    refresh = str(body.refresh_token or "").strip() or read_refresh_cookie(request)
+    if not refresh:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="invalid_refresh_token")
+    try:
+        out = refresh_login_tokens(db, refresh_token=refresh, client_ip=ip, user_agent=ua)
+    except Exception:
+        write_audit(
+            db,
+            action="auth.refresh_failed",
+            method="POST",
+            path="/v1/auth/refresh",
+            status_code=401,
+            client_ip=ip,
+            user_agent=ua,
+            detail={},
+        )
+        raise
+    user = out.get("user") or {}
+    write_audit(
+        db,
+        action="auth.refresh",
+        actor_user_id=str(user.get("id") or ""),
+        actor_username=str(user.get("username") or ""),
+        method="POST",
+        path="/v1/auth/refresh",
+        status_code=200,
+        client_ip=ip,
+        user_agent=ua,
+        detail={},
+    )
+    return _token_response(response, request, out)
 
 
 @router.post("/v1/auth/logout")
 def api_logout(
     request: Request,
+    response: Response,
     ctx: Annotated[AuthContext, Depends(require_user)],
     db: Session = Depends(get_db),
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
+    revoked = 0
+    if ctx.auth_via == "jwt" and ctx.session_jti:
+        revoked = revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(ctx.user.id), only_jti=ctx.session_jti)
+    closed_webcrt = 0
+    try:
+        from .webcrt_session_registry import close_sessions_for_user
+
+        closed_webcrt = close_sessions_for_user(str(ctx.user.id), reason="auth_logout")
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+    clear_auth_cookies(response, request=request)
     write_audit(
         db,
         action="auth.logout",
@@ -94,9 +198,75 @@ def api_logout(
         status_code=200,
         client_ip=ip,
         user_agent=ua,
-        detail={"auth_via": ctx.auth_via},
+        detail={"auth_via": ctx.auth_via, "revoked": revoked, "webcrt_closed": closed_webcrt},
     )
-    return {"ok": True}
+    return {"ok": True, "revoked": revoked, "webcrt_closed": closed_webcrt}
+
+
+@router.get("/v1/auth/sessions")
+def api_list_sessions(ctx: Annotated[AuthContext, Depends(require_user)], db: Session = Depends(get_db)) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    items = list_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(ctx.user.id), current_jti=ctx.session_jti)
+    return {"items": items, "total": len(items)}
+
+
+@router.delete("/v1/auth/sessions/{session_id}")
+def api_revoke_session(
+    session_id: str,
+    request: Request,
+    ctx: Annotated[AuthContext, Depends(require_user)],
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    ok = revoke_auth_session_for_user(
+        db,
+        user_id=str(ctx.user.id),
+        session_id=session_id,
+        current_jti=ctx.session_jti,
+    )
+    if not ok:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="session_not_found")
+    ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
+    write_audit(
+        db,
+        action="auth.session_revoke",
+        actor_user_id=ctx.user.id,
+        actor_username=ctx.user.username,
+        method="DELETE",
+        path=f"/v1/auth/sessions/{session_id}",
+        status_code=200,
+        client_ip=ip,
+        user_agent=ua,
+        detail={"session_id": session_id, "current": session_id == ctx.session_jti},
+    )
+    return {"ok": True, "revoked": True, "session_id": session_id}
+
+
+@router.post("/v1/auth/sessions/revoke-others")
+def api_revoke_other_sessions(
+    request: Request,
+    ctx: Annotated[AuthContext, Depends(require_user)],
+    db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if not ctx.session_jti:
+        # API-token auth has no JWT session to keep.
+        n = revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(ctx.user.id))
+    else:
+        n = revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(ctx.user.id), except_jti=ctx.session_jti)
+    ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
+    write_audit(
+        db,
+        action="auth.session_revoke_others",
+        actor_user_id=ctx.user.id,
+        actor_username=ctx.user.username,
+        method="POST",
+        path="/v1/auth/sessions/revoke-others",
+        status_code=200,
+        client_ip=ip,
+        user_agent=ua,
+        detail={"revoked": n},
+    )
+    return {"ok": True, "revoked": n}
 
 
 @router.get("/v1/auth/me")
@@ -118,7 +288,13 @@ def api_change_password(
     ctx: Annotated[AuthContext, Depends(require_user)],
     db: Session = Depends(get_db),
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    change_password(db, user=ctx.user, old_password=body.old_password, new_password=body.new_password)
+    change_password(
+        db,
+        user=ctx.user,
+        old_password=body.old_password,
+        new_password=body.new_password,
+        keep_jti=ctx.session_jti or None,
+    )
     ip, ua = _client_meta(request)
     write_audit(
         db,

netx_api/auth_schemas.py

@@ -12,12 +12,17 @@ class LoginRequest(BaseModel):
 
 class ChangePasswordRequest(BaseModel):
     old_password: str = Field(min_length=1, max_length=256)
-    new_password: str = Field(min_length=6, max_length=256)
+    new_password: str = Field(min_length=8, max_length=256)
+
+
+class RefreshRequest(BaseModel):
+    # Optional when refresh token is sent via HttpOnly cookie.
+    refresh_token: str = Field(default="", max_length=512)
 
 
 class UserCreateRequest(BaseModel):
     username: str = Field(min_length=2, max_length=64)
-    password: str = Field(min_length=6, max_length=256)
+    password: str = Field(min_length=8, max_length=256)
     role: str = Field(default="user")
     scopes: list[str] | None = None
 
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ class UserCreateRequest(BaseModel):
 class UserUpdateRequest(BaseModel):
     is_active: bool | None = None
     role: str | None = None
-    password: str | None = Field(default=None, min_length=6, max_length=256)
+    password: str | None = Field(default=None, min_length=8, max_length=256)
     scopes: list[str] | None = None
 
 

netx_api/auth_service.py

@@ -18,9 +18,14 @@ from .auth_scopes import (
     effective_user_scopes,
     normalize_scopes,
 )
-from .auth_tokens import hash_api_token, issue_access_token, new_api_token_plaintext
+from .auth_tokens import (
+    hash_api_token,
+    issue_access_token,
+    new_api_token_plaintext,
+    new_refresh_token_plaintext,
+)
 from .config import settings
-from .models import ApiToken, AppUser, AuditLog
+from .models import ApiToken, AppUser, AuditLog, AuthSession
 from .timeutil import utcnow_naive
 
 _log = logging.getLogger("netx.auth")
@@ -33,6 +38,7 @@ _SECRET_KEYS = frozenset(
         "hop_password",
         "enable_secret",
         "access_token",
+        "refresh_token",
         "token",
         "authorization",
         "secret",
@@ -41,6 +47,17 @@ _SECRET_KEYS = frozenset(
 )
 
 
+def _password_min_len() -> int:
+    return max(8, int(getattr(settings, "auth_password_min_len", 8) or 8))
+
+
+def _require_password_strength(pwd: str) -> str:
+    raw = str(pwd or "")
+    if len(raw) < _password_min_len():
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="password_too_short")
+    return raw
+
+
 def user_public(user: AppUser) -> dict[str, Any]:
     scopes = sorted(
         effective_user_scopes(role=str(user.role or "user"), override=getattr(user, "scopes", None) or [])
@@ -256,15 +273,201 @@ def authenticate_user(db: Session, username: str, password: str) -> AppUser | No
     return user
 
 
-def login_issue_token(user: AppUser) -> dict[str, Any]:
+def revoke_auth_sessions(
-    token = issue_access_token(user_id=user.id, username=user.username, role=user.role)
+    db: Session,
+    *,
+    user_id: str,
+    except_jti: str | None = None,
+    only_jti: str | None = None,
+) -> int:
+    """Revoke JWT sessions. Returns count newly revoked."""
+    now = utcnow_naive()
+    q = db.query(AuthSession).filter(
+        AuthSession.user_id == str(user_id),
+        AuthSession.revoked_at.is_(None),
+    )
+    if only_jti:
+        q = q.filter(AuthSession.id == str(only_jti))
+    if except_jti:
+        q = q.filter(AuthSession.id != str(except_jti))
+    rows = q.all()
+    for row in rows:
+        row.revoked_at = now
+    if rows:
+        db.commit()
+    return len(rows)
+
+
+def get_auth_session(db: Session, jti: str) -> AuthSession | None:
+    sid = str(jti or "").strip()
+    if not sid:
+        return None
+    row = db.query(AuthSession).filter(AuthSession.id == sid).first()
+    if row is None:
+        return None
+    if row.revoked_at is not None:
+        return None
+    now = utcnow_naive()
+    exp = row.expires_at
+    if exp is not None and exp < now:
+        return None
+    idle = max(0, int(getattr(settings, "auth_idle_timeout_sec", 7200) or 0))
+    if idle > 0:
+        seen = row.last_seen_at or row.created_at
+        if seen is not None and (now - seen).total_seconds() > idle:
+            row.revoked_at = now
+            try:
+                db.commit()
+            except Exception:
+                db.rollback()
+            return None
+    return row
+
+
+def touch_auth_session(db: Session, jti: str) -> None:
+    row = db.query(AuthSession).filter(AuthSession.id == str(jti)).first()
+    if row is None or row.revoked_at is not None:
+        return
+    row.last_seen_at = utcnow_naive()
+    try:
+        db.commit()
+    except Exception:
+        db.rollback()
+
+
+def list_auth_sessions(db: Session, *, user_id: str, current_jti: str = "") -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
+    now = utcnow_naive()
+    rows = (
+        db.query(AuthSession)
+        .filter(AuthSession.user_id == str(user_id), AuthSession.revoked_at.is_(None))
+        .order_by(AuthSession.created_at.desc())
+        .limit(100)
+        .all()
+    )
+    out: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+    for row in rows:
+        if row.expires_at is not None and row.expires_at < now:
+            continue
+        refresh_alive = bool(row.refresh_expires_at and row.refresh_expires_at >= now)
+        access_alive = bool(row.expires_at and row.expires_at >= now)
+        if not access_alive and not refresh_alive:
+            continue
+        out.append(
+            {
+                "id": row.id,
+                "created_at": row.created_at.isoformat() if row.created_at else None,
+                "expires_at": row.expires_at.isoformat() if row.expires_at else None,
+                "refresh_expires_at": row.refresh_expires_at.isoformat() if row.refresh_expires_at else None,
+                "last_seen_at": row.last_seen_at.isoformat() if row.last_seen_at else None,
+                "client_ip": row.client_ip or "",
+                "user_agent": (row.user_agent or "")[:200],
+                "current": bool(current_jti) and row.id == str(current_jti),
+            }
+        )
+    return out
+
+
+def revoke_auth_session_for_user(
+    db: Session,
+    *,
+    user_id: str,
+    session_id: str,
+    current_jti: str = "",
+) -> bool:
+    """Revoke one session owned by user. Returns True if newly revoked."""
+    sid = str(session_id or "").strip()
+    if not sid:
+        return False
+    row = (
+        db.query(AuthSession)
+        .filter(
+            AuthSession.id == sid,
+            AuthSession.user_id == str(user_id),
+            AuthSession.revoked_at.is_(None),
+        )
+        .first()
+    )
+    if row is None:
+        return False
+    row.revoked_at = utcnow_naive()
+    db.commit()
+    return True
+
+
+def login_issue_token(
+    db: Session,
+    user: AppUser,
+    *,
+    client_ip: str = "",
+    user_agent: str = "",
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    token, jti, ttl = issue_access_token(
+        user_id=user.id, username=user.username, role=user.role
+    )
+    if bool(getattr(settings, "auth_single_session", False)):
+        revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(user.id), except_jti=jti)
+    refresh_ttl = max(3600, int(getattr(settings, "auth_refresh_ttl_sec", 604800) or 604800))
+    refresh_plain = new_refresh_token_plaintext()
+    now = utcnow_naive()
+    db.add(
+        AuthSession(
+            id=jti,
+            user_id=str(user.id),
+            created_at=now,
+            expires_at=now + timedelta(seconds=ttl),
+            client_ip=str(client_ip or "")[:128],
+            user_agent=str(user_agent or "")[:512],
+            last_seen_at=now,
+            refresh_token_hash=hash_api_token(refresh_plain),
+            refresh_expires_at=now + timedelta(seconds=refresh_ttl),
+        )
+    )
+    db.commit()
     return {
         "access_token": token,
+        "refresh_token": refresh_plain,
         "token_type": "bearer",
+        "expires_in": ttl,
+        "refresh_expires_in": refresh_ttl,
         "user": user_public(user),
     }
 
 
+def refresh_login_tokens(
+    db: Session,
+    *,
+    refresh_token: str,
+    client_ip: str = "",
+    user_agent: str = "",
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Rotate refresh token and mint a new access JWT (old session revoked)."""
+    raw = str(refresh_token or "").strip()
+    if not raw.startswith("nxr_"):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="invalid_refresh_token")
+    th = hash_api_token(raw)
+    now = utcnow_naive()
+    row = (
+        db.query(AuthSession)
+        .filter(AuthSession.refresh_token_hash == th, AuthSession.revoked_at.is_(None))
+        .first()
+    )
+    if row is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="invalid_refresh_token")
+    refresh_exp = row.refresh_expires_at
+    if refresh_exp is None or refresh_exp < now:
+        row.revoked_at = now
+        db.commit()
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="refresh_token_expired")
+    user = get_user_by_id(db, str(row.user_id))
+    if user is None or not user.is_active:
+        row.revoked_at = now
+        db.commit()
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=401, detail="invalid_refresh_token")
+    row.revoked_at = now
+    db.commit()
+    return login_issue_token(db, user, client_ip=client_ip, user_agent=user_agent)
+
+
 def list_users(db: Session) -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
     rows = db.query(AppUser).order_by(AppUser.created_at.asc()).all()
     return [user_public(u) for u in rows]
@@ -282,9 +485,7 @@ def create_user(
     name = str(username or "").strip()
     if not _USERNAME_RE.match(name):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="invalid_username")
-    pwd = str(password or "")
+    pwd = _require_password_strength(password)
-    if len(pwd) < 6:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="password_too_short")
     role_n = str(role or "user").strip().lower()
     if role_n not in ("admin", "user"):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="invalid_role")
@@ -327,29 +528,38 @@ def update_user(
         if user.id == actor.id and role_n != "admin":
             raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="cannot_demote_self")
         user.role = role_n
+    revoke_all = False
     if is_active is not None:
         user.is_active = bool(is_active)
+        if not user.is_active:
+            revoke_all = True
     if password is not None:
-        pwd = str(password)
+        pwd = _require_password_strength(password)
-        if len(pwd) < 6:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="password_too_short")
         user.password_hash = hash_password(pwd)
         user.must_change_password = True
+        revoke_all = True
     if scopes is not None:
         user.scopes = normalize_scopes(scopes)
     user.updated_at = utcnow_naive()
     db.commit()
     db.refresh(user)
+    if revoke_all:
+        revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(user.id))
     return user
 
 
-def change_password(db: Session, *, user: AppUser, old_password: str, new_password: str) -> None:
+def change_password(
+    db: Session,
+    *,
+    user: AppUser,
+    old_password: str,
+    new_password: str,
+    keep_jti: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
     row = get_user_by_id(db, str(user.id)) or user
     if not verify_password(old_password, row.password_hash):
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="old_password_incorrect")
-    pwd = str(new_password or "")
+    pwd = _require_password_strength(new_password)
-    if len(pwd) < 6:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="password_too_short")
     default_pwd = str(settings.bootstrap_admin_password or "admin123").strip() or "admin123"
     if pwd == default_pwd or pwd == old_password:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="password_must_differ_from_default")
@@ -357,6 +567,8 @@ def change_password(db: Session, *, user: AppUser, old_password: str, new_passwo
     row.must_change_password = False
     row.updated_at = utcnow_naive()
     db.commit()
+    # Drop other browser sessions; keep current jti so force-change flow can continue.
+    revoke_auth_sessions(db, user_id=str(row.id), except_jti=keep_jti)
 
 
 def create_api_token(

netx_api/auth_tokens.py

@@ -81,18 +81,29 @@ def auth_secret() -> str:
     return ensure_auth_secret()
 
 
-def issue_access_token(*, user_id: str, username: str, role: str) -> str:
+def issue_access_token(
+    *,
+    user_id: str,
+    username: str,
+    role: str,
+    jti: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[str, str, int]:
+    """Return (token, jti, ttl_sec). jti is required for server-side revocation."""
     ttl = max(300, int(settings.auth_token_ttl_sec or 86400))
     now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
+    sid = str(jti or secrets.token_urlsafe(24)).strip()
+    if not sid:
+        sid = secrets.token_urlsafe(24)
     payload = {
         "sub": str(user_id),
         "username": str(username),
         "role": str(role),
         "typ": "access",
+        "jti": sid,
         "iat": int(now.timestamp()),
         "exp": int((now + timedelta(seconds=ttl)).timestamp()),
     }
-    return jwt.encode(payload, auth_secret(), algorithm="HS256")
+    return jwt.encode(payload, auth_secret(), algorithm="HS256"), sid, ttl
 
 
 def decode_access_token(token: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
@@ -100,7 +111,7 @@ def decode_access_token(token: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
         str(token or ""),
         auth_secret(),
         algorithms=["HS256"],
-        options={"require": ["exp", "sub"]},
+        options={"require": ["exp", "sub", "jti"]},
     )
 
 
@@ -109,5 +120,10 @@ def new_api_token_plaintext() -> str:
     return "nxt_" + secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
 
 
+def new_refresh_token_plaintext() -> str:
+    """Opaque refresh token (shown once). Prefix distinguishes from API tokens."""
+    return "nxr_" + secrets.token_urlsafe(32)
+
+
 def hash_api_token(plaintext: str) -> str:
     return hashlib.sha256(str(plaintext or "").encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()

netx_api/config.py

@@ -97,6 +97,8 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     ne_exec_max_commands: int = 5
     # WebCRT interactive terminal sessions (multi-operator concurrent terminals).
     webcrt_max_sessions: int = 40
+    # Per-user cap (0 = unlimited beyond global max).
+    webcrt_max_sessions_per_user: int = 5
     webcrt_idle_timeout_sec: int = 1800
     webcrt_connect_timeout_sec: int = 90
     webcrt_attach_timeout_sec: int = 60
@@ -126,7 +128,25 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     # Set explicitly only when you want a shared/ops-managed secret.
     auth_secret: str = ""
     auth_secret_file: str = "data/auth/jwt_secret"
-    auth_token_ttl_sec: int = 86400
+    auth_token_ttl_sec: int = 3600
+    # Refresh token lifetime (default 7 days). Used with POST /v1/auth/refresh.
+    auth_refresh_ttl_sec: int = 604800
+    # When true, each login revokes other JWT sessions for that user (single active browser login).
+    auth_single_session: bool = True
+    # Login brute-force protection (in-process; resets on restart).
+    auth_login_max_failures: int = 10
+    auth_login_window_sec: int = 300
+    auth_login_lockout_sec: int = 900
+    auth_password_min_len: int = 8
+    # Idle revoke: if last_seen_at older than this, JWT session is revoked (0 = off).
+    auth_idle_timeout_sec: int = 7200
+    # Browser session cookies (HttpOnly). Bearer header still works for API tokens / scripts.
+    auth_cookie_enabled: bool = True
+    # None = auto (HTTPS / X-Forwarded-Proto); True/False force.
+    auth_cookie_secure: bool | None = None
+    auth_cookie_samesite: str = "lax"
+    # Optional Redis URL for shared login rate-limit (empty = in-process only).
+    auth_redis_url: str = ""
     bootstrap_admin_username: str = "admin"
     bootstrap_admin_password: str = "admin123"
     # Written on first boot for MCP; path relative to cwd / absolute

netx_api/models/__init__.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from .alarms import (
     ImportErrorRow,
     ImportJob,
 )
-from .auth import ApiToken, AppUser, AuditLog
+from .auth import ApiToken, AppUser, AuditLog, AuthSession
 from .config_sync import (
     ConfigSyncCycle,
     ConfigSyncPolicy,
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "AppUser",
     "AuditLog",
     "ApiToken",
+    "AuthSession",
     "ConfigSyncPolicy",
     "ConfigSyncCycle",
     "ConfigSyncTask",

netx_api/models/auth.py

@@ -61,3 +61,21 @@ class ApiToken(Base):
     expires_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True, index=True)
     last_used_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True)
     revoked_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True)
+
+
+class AuthSession(Base):
+    """Server-side JWT session (jti). Logout / password change can revoke without waiting for exp."""
+
+    __tablename__ = "auth_session"
+
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), primary_key=True)  # JWT jti
+    user_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(64), index=True)
+    created_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime, default=utcnow_naive)
+    expires_at: Mapped[datetime] = mapped_column(DateTime, index=True)
+    revoked_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True, index=True)
+    client_ip: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(128), default="")
+    user_agent: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(512), default="")
+    last_seen_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True)
+    # Opaque refresh token (hashed); longer-lived than access JWT.
+    refresh_token_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(String(128), default="", index=True)
+    refresh_expires_at: Mapped[datetime | None] = mapped_column(DateTime, nullable=True, index=True)

netx_api/schema_patches.py

@@ -91,6 +91,36 @@ def apply_auth_schema_patches(conn: Connection) -> None:
     _run_sql(conn, "ALTER TABLE app_user ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS scopes JSON DEFAULT '[]'")
     _run_sql(conn, "ALTER TABLE api_token ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS expires_at TIMESTAMP")
     _run_sql(conn, "ALTER TABLE api_token ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS scopes JSON DEFAULT '[]'")
+    _run_sql(
+        conn,
+        """
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS auth_session (
+            id VARCHAR(64) PRIMARY KEY,
+            user_id VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
+            created_at TIMESTAMP,
+            expires_at TIMESTAMP,
+            revoked_at TIMESTAMP,
+            client_ip VARCHAR(128) DEFAULT '',
+            user_agent VARCHAR(512) DEFAULT '',
+            last_seen_at TIMESTAMP
+        )
+        """,
+    )
+    _run_sql(conn, "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_auth_session_user_id ON auth_session (user_id)")
+    _run_sql(conn, "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_auth_session_expires_at ON auth_session (expires_at)")
+    _run_sql(conn, "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_auth_session_revoked_at ON auth_session (revoked_at)")
+    _run_sql(
+        conn,
+        "ALTER TABLE auth_session ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS refresh_token_hash VARCHAR(128) DEFAULT ''",
+    )
+    _run_sql(
+        conn,
+        "ALTER TABLE auth_session ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS refresh_expires_at TIMESTAMP",
+    )
+    _run_sql(
+        conn,
+        "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_auth_session_refresh_token_hash ON auth_session (refresh_token_hash)",
+    )
 
 
 def apply_key_alert_schema_patches(

netx_api/webcrt_router.py

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ from .webcrt_service import (
     list_sessions,
     mark_attached,
     read_session_log_tail,
+    session_access_allowed,
     wait_session_ready,
     _decode_bytes,
     _encode_text,
@@ -134,8 +135,9 @@ def _client_label(request: Request | None = None, websocket: WebSocket | None =
 
 
 @router.get("/sessions")
-def api_list_sessions() -> dict[str, Any]:
+def api_list_sessions(ctx: AuthContext = Depends(require_user)) -> dict[str, Any]:
-    return list_sessions()
+    is_admin = str(ctx.user.role or "") == "admin"
+    return list_sessions(for_user_id=str(ctx.user.id), admin=is_admin)
 
 
 @router.get("/meta/device-types")
@@ -150,6 +152,7 @@ def api_create_session(
     body: WebcrtSessionCreate,
     request: Request,
     db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+    ctx: AuthContext = Depends(require_user),
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     mid = str(body.ne_id or "").strip()
     uid = str(body.ume_ne_id or "").strip()
@@ -168,6 +171,8 @@ def api_create_session(
         async_connect=bool(body.async_connect),
         username_override=body.username,
         password_override=body.password,
+        owner_user_id=str(ctx.user.id),
+        owner_username=str(ctx.user.username),
     )
 
 
@@ -176,6 +181,7 @@ def api_quick_connect(
     body: WebcrtQuickConnectBody,
     request: Request,
     db: Session = Depends(get_db),
+    ctx: AuthContext = Depends(require_user),
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     from .ne_service import upsert_webcrt_session_host
 
@@ -217,6 +223,8 @@ def api_quick_connect(
             async_connect=async_connect,
             username_override=user_override,
             password_override=pwd_override,
+            owner_user_id=str(ctx.user.id),
+            owner_username=str(ctx.user.username),
         )
     except HTTPException as exc:
         # NE row already exists; return it so the UI retries in place (no duplicate hosts).
@@ -241,7 +249,16 @@ def api_quick_connect(
 
 
 @router.delete("/sessions/{session_id}")
-def api_close_session(session_id: str, request: Request) -> dict[str, Any]:
+def api_close_session(
+    session_id: str,
+    request: Request,
+    ctx: AuthContext = Depends(require_user),
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    sess = get_session(session_id)
+    if sess is not None:
+        is_admin = str(ctx.user.role or "") == "admin"
+        if not session_access_allowed(sess, user_id=str(ctx.user.id), is_admin=is_admin):
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=403, detail="webcrt_session_forbidden")
     return close_session(session_id, reason="client_delete", client=_client_label(request=request))
 
 
@@ -359,6 +376,8 @@ async def api_sftp_upload(
 
 @router.websocket("/sessions/{session_id}/ws")
 async def websocket_session(websocket: WebSocket, session_id: str) -> None:
+    actor_user_id = ""
+    actor_is_admin = False
     if bool(settings.auth_enabled):
         # Prefer one-time ws_ticket (query). Bearer header also accepted (non-browser clients).
         # Long-lived access_token in query is rejected.
@@ -368,6 +387,8 @@ async def websocket_session(websocket: WebSocket, session_id: str) -> None:
             if info is None or not has_scope(info.scopes, SCOPE_WEBCRT):
                 await websocket.close(code=4403 if info is not None else 4401)
                 return
+            actor_user_id = str(info.user_id)
+            actor_is_admin = has_scope(info.scopes, "admin:users")
         else:
             if str(websocket.query_params.get("access_token") or "").strip():
                 await websocket.close(code=4401)
@@ -384,10 +405,21 @@ async def websocket_session(websocket: WebSocket, session_id: str) -> None:
             if resolved is None:
                 await websocket.close(code=4401)
                 return
-            _user, _via, scopes, _tid = resolved
+            user, _via, scopes, _tid, _jti = resolved
             if not has_scope(scopes, SCOPE_WEBCRT):
                 await websocket.close(code=4403)
                 return
+            actor_user_id = str(user.id)
+            actor_is_admin = str(user.role or "") == "admin" or has_scope(scopes, "admin:users")
+
+    # Ownership check before accept when session already exists.
+    existing = get_session(session_id)
+    if existing is not None and bool(settings.auth_enabled):
+        if not session_access_allowed(
+            existing, user_id=actor_user_id, is_admin=actor_is_admin
+        ):
+            await websocket.close(code=4403)
+            return
 
     await websocket.accept()
     attach_gen = 0
@@ -398,6 +430,13 @@ async def websocket_session(websocket: WebSocket, session_id: str) -> None:
         await websocket.close(code=4404 if exc.status_code == 404 else 4409)
         return
 
+    if bool(settings.auth_enabled) and not session_access_allowed(
+        sess, user_id=actor_user_id, is_admin=actor_is_admin
+    ):
+        await websocket.send_json({"type": "status", "state": "error", "message": "forbidden"})
+        await websocket.close(code=4403)
+        return
+
     await websocket.send_json(
         {
             "type": "status",

netx_api/webcrt_service.py

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ from .webcrt_session import (
     _webcrt_creds_ready,
     active_session_count,
     close_session,
+    close_sessions_for_user,
     create_session,
     detach_session,
     find_ssh_session_for_ne,
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ from .webcrt_session_registry import (
     _reap_sessions,
     _sessions,
     _sessions_lock,
+    session_access_allowed,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "active_session_count",
     "channel_return",
     "close_session",
+    "close_sessions_for_user",
     "create_session",
     "detach_session",
     "find_ssh_session_for_ne",
@@ -76,6 +79,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "open_netmiko_connection",
     "prepare_bootstrap_output",
     "read_session_log_tail",
+    "session_access_allowed",
     "settings",
     "uses_network_cli_keymap",
     "wait_session_ready",

netx_api/webcrt_session.py

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@ from .webcrt_session_registry import (
     _webcrt_creds_ready,
     active_session_count,
     close_session,
+    close_sessions_for_user,
     create_session,
     detach_session,
     find_ssh_session_for_ne,
     get_session,
     list_sessions,
     mark_attached,
+    session_access_allowed,
     wait_session_ready,
 )
 
@@ -20,11 +22,13 @@ __all__ = [
     "_webcrt_creds_ready",
     "active_session_count",
     "close_session",
+    "close_sessions_for_user",
     "create_session",
     "detach_session",
     "find_ssh_session_for_ne",
     "get_session",
     "list_sessions",
     "mark_attached",
+    "session_access_allowed",
     "wait_session_ready",
 ]

netx_api/webcrt_session_model.py

@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@ class WebcrtSession:
     cli_keymap: bool = True
     encoding: str = "utf-8"
     keepalive_sec: int = 0
+    # Owning netx user; empty = legacy unbound (tests / auth_disabled).
+    owner_user_id: str = ""
+    owner_username: str = ""
     conn: ConnectHandler | None = None
     created_at: float = field(default_factory=time.time)
     last_activity: float = field(default_factory=time.time)

netx_api/webcrt_session_registry.py

@@ -125,6 +125,37 @@ def active_session_count() -> int:
         return sum(1 for s in _sessions.values() if not s.closed)
 
 
+def active_session_count_for_user(user_id: str) -> int:
+    uid = str(user_id or "").strip()
+    if not uid:
+        return 0
+    with _sessions_lock:
+        return sum(
+            1
+            for s in _sessions.values()
+            if (not s.closed) and str(s.owner_user_id or "").strip() == uid
+        )
+
+
+def close_sessions_for_user(user_id: str, *, reason: str = "owner_logout") -> int:
+    """Close all WebCRT sessions owned by user_id. Returns count closed."""
+    uid = str(user_id or "").strip()
+    if not uid:
+        return 0
+    with _sessions_lock:
+        ids = [
+            sid
+            for sid, s in _sessions.items()
+            if (not s.closed) and str(s.owner_user_id or "").strip() == uid
+        ]
+    closed = 0
+    for sid in ids:
+        out = close_session(sid, reason=reason, client="auth_logout")
+        if out.get("closed"):
+            closed += 1
+    return closed
+
+
 def get_session(session_id: str) -> WebcrtSession | None:
     with _sessions_lock:
         sess = _sessions.get(session_id)
@@ -374,6 +405,8 @@ def create_session(
     async_connect: bool = True,
     username_override: str | None = None,
     password_override: str | None = None,
+    owner_user_id: str = "",
+    owner_username: str = "",
 ) -> dict[str, Any]:
     from .cli_resolve import resolve_cli_target
 
@@ -381,6 +414,10 @@ def create_session(
     max_sessions = max(1, int(settings.webcrt_max_sessions or 20))
     if active_session_count() >= max_sessions:
         raise HTTPException(status_code=429, detail="webcrt_session_limit")
+    owner_id = str(owner_user_id or "").strip()
+    per_user = int(getattr(settings, "webcrt_max_sessions_per_user", 5) or 0)
+    if owner_id and per_user > 0 and active_session_count_for_user(owner_id) >= per_user:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=429, detail="webcrt_user_session_limit")
 
     mid = str(ne_id or "").strip()
     uid = str(ume_ne_id or "").strip()
@@ -425,6 +462,7 @@ def create_session(
     else:
         ka = max(0, min(600, int(keepalive_sec)))
 
+    owner_name = str(owner_username or "").strip()
     sess = WebcrtSession(
         session_id=session_id,
         ne_id=target_id,
@@ -438,6 +476,8 @@ def create_session(
         cli_keymap=cli_keymap,
         encoding=enc,
         keepalive_sec=ka,
+        owner_user_id=owner_id,
+        owner_username=owner_name,
         state="connecting",
         post_login_commands=list(post_login_commands or [])[:20],
     )
@@ -497,9 +537,26 @@ def create_session(
         "ws_path": f"/v1/webcrt/sessions/{session_id}/ws",
         "cli_hop": bool(sess.cli_hop_guard),
         "sftp_ready": bool(sess.sftp_ready),
+        "owner_user_id": sess.owner_user_id,
+        "owner_username": sess.owner_username,
     }
 
 
+def session_access_allowed(
+    sess: WebcrtSession,
+    *,
+    user_id: str,
+    is_admin: bool = False,
+) -> bool:
+    """Owner or admin may attach/close. Unbound sessions (empty owner) stay open for lab/tests."""
+    owner = str(sess.owner_user_id or "").strip()
+    if not owner:
+        return True
+    if is_admin:
+        return True
+    return owner == str(user_id or "").strip()
+
+
 def mark_attached(session_id: str) -> tuple[WebcrtSession, int]:
     sess = get_session(session_id)
     if sess is None:
@@ -595,12 +652,21 @@ def close_all_sessions(*, reason: str = "shutdown") -> int:
     return closed
 
 
-def list_sessions() -> dict[str, Any]:
+def list_sessions(
+    *,
+    for_user_id: str | None = None,
+    admin: bool = False,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """List active sessions. Non-admin callers only see their own owned sessions."""
+    viewer = str(for_user_id or "").strip()
     with _sessions_lock:
         items = []
         for s in _sessions.values():
             if s.closed:
                 continue
+            owner = str(s.owner_user_id or "").strip()
+            if viewer and not admin and owner and owner != viewer:
+                continue
             state = str(s.state or "unknown")
             attached = bool(s.attached)
             # Lifecycle for ops UI: distinguish login vs live vs grace-period detach.
@@ -643,6 +709,8 @@ def list_sessions() -> dict[str, Any]:
                         if s.connect_finished_at
                         else None
                     ),
+                    "owner_user_id": s.owner_user_id,
+                    "owner_username": s.owner_username,
                 }
             )
     return {

pyproject.toml

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ dependencies = [
   "PyJWT>=2.8.0",
   "alembic>=1.13.0",
   "psutil>=5.9.0",
+  "redis>=5.0.0",
 ]
 
 [project.optional-dependencies]

requirements.txt

@@ -21,3 +21,4 @@ bcrypt>=4.1.0
 PyJWT>=2.8.0
 alembic>=1.13.0
 psutil>=5.9.0
+redis>=5.0.0

tests/test_auth.py

@@ -30,11 +30,13 @@ class AuthUnitTests(unittest.TestCase):
         with patch("netx_api.auth_tokens.settings") as st:
             st.auth_secret = "test-secret-key-for-jwt"
             st.auth_token_ttl_sec = 3600
-            tok = issue_access_token(user_id="u1", username="admin", role="admin")
+            tok, jti, ttl = issue_access_token(user_id="u1", username="admin", role="admin")
             payload = decode_access_token(tok)
             self.assertEqual(payload["sub"], "u1")
             self.assertEqual(payload["username"], "admin")
             self.assertEqual(payload["role"], "admin")
+            self.assertEqual(payload["jti"], jti)
+            self.assertEqual(ttl, 3600)
 
 
 class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -81,6 +83,10 @@ class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         db = self.Session()
         try:
             bootstrap_admin_if_needed(db)
+            # Most tests exercise normal APIs; password-change gate is covered separately.
+            admin = db.query(AppUser).filter(AppUser.username == "admin").one()
+            admin.must_change_password = False
+            db.commit()
         finally:
             db.close()
 
@@ -114,12 +120,17 @@ class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         db = self.Session()
         try:
             admin = db.query(AppUser).filter(AppUser.username == "admin").one()
+            admin.must_change_password = True
+            db.commit()
             self.assertTrue(admin.must_change_password)
         finally:
             db.close()
         token = self._login()
         me = self.client.get("/v1/auth/me", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
         self.assertTrue(me.json()["user"]["must_change_password"])
+        blocked = self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(blocked.status_code, 403)
+        self.assertEqual(blocked.json()["detail"], "password_change_required")
         bad = self.client.post(
             "/v1/auth/change-password",
             headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
@@ -134,6 +145,154 @@ class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(ok.status_code, 200, ok.text)
         me2 = self.client.get("/v1/auth/me", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
         self.assertFalse(me2.json()["user"]["must_change_password"])
+        probe = self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(probe.status_code, 200)
+
+    def test_logout_revokes_jwt(self) -> None:
+        token = self._login()
+        r = self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
+        out = self.client.post("/v1/auth/logout", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(out.status_code, 200, out.text)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(int(out.json().get("revoked") or 0), 1)
+        r2 = self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(r2.status_code, 401)
+
+    def test_refresh_rotates_tokens(self) -> None:
+        login = self.client.post("/v1/auth/login", json={"username": "admin", "password": "adminpass"})
+        self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200, login.text)
+        body = login.json()
+        access = body["access_token"]
+        refresh = body["refresh_token"]
+        self.assertTrue(str(refresh).startswith("nxr_"))
+        # Access works
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {access}"}).status_code,
+            200,
+        )
+        rotated = self.client.post("/v1/auth/refresh", json={"refresh_token": refresh})
+        self.assertEqual(rotated.status_code, 200, rotated.text)
+        new_access = rotated.json()["access_token"]
+        new_refresh = rotated.json()["refresh_token"]
+        self.assertNotEqual(access, new_access)
+        self.assertNotEqual(refresh, new_refresh)
+        # Old access revoked
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {access}"}).status_code,
+            401,
+        )
+        # New access works
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {new_access}"}).status_code,
+            200,
+        )
+        # Old refresh cannot be reused
+        reuse = self.client.post("/v1/auth/refresh", json={"refresh_token": refresh})
+        self.assertEqual(reuse.status_code, 401)
+
+    def test_single_session_login_revokes_others(self) -> None:
+        token = self._login()
+        token2 = self._login()
+        # Default auth_single_session=True: first login is kicked.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}).status_code,
+            401,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token2}"}).status_code,
+            200,
+        )
+        listed = self.client.get("/v1/auth/sessions", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token2}"})
+        self.assertEqual(listed.status_code, 200, listed.text)
+        self.assertEqual(listed.json()["total"], 1)
+        self.assertTrue(listed.json()["items"][0].get("current"))
+
+    def test_list_and_revoke_sessions(self) -> None:
+        with patch("netx_api.auth_service.settings.auth_single_session", False):
+            token = self._login()
+            listed = self.client.get("/v1/auth/sessions", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+            self.assertEqual(listed.status_code, 200, listed.text)
+            items = listed.json()["items"]
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(len(items), 1)
+            self.assertTrue(any(i.get("current") for i in items))
+            # Multi-session mode: second login keeps the first alive.
+            token2 = self._login()
+            listed2 = self.client.get("/v1/auth/sessions", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token2}"})
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(listed2.json()["total"], 2)
+            revoked = self.client.post(
+                "/v1/auth/sessions/revoke-others",
+                headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token2}"},
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(revoked.status_code, 200, revoked.text)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(int(revoked.json().get("revoked") or 0), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}).status_code,
+                401,
+            )
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token2}"}).status_code,
+                200,
+            )
+
+    def test_idle_timeout_revokes(self) -> None:
+        from datetime import timedelta
+
+        from netx_api.models import AuthSession
+        from netx_api.timeutil import utcnow_naive
+
+        token = self._login()
+        with patch("netx_api.auth_service.settings.auth_idle_timeout_sec", 60):
+            db = self.Session()
+            try:
+                row = db.query(AuthSession).filter(AuthSession.revoked_at.is_(None)).first()
+                self.assertIsNotNone(row)
+                row.last_seen_at = utcnow_naive() - timedelta(seconds=120)
+                db.commit()
+            finally:
+                db.close()
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}).status_code,
+                401,
+            )
+
+    def test_login_sets_auth_cookies(self) -> None:
+        r = self.client.post("/v1/auth/login", json={"username": "admin", "password": "adminpass"})
+        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200, r.text)
+        # Starlette TestClient exposes set cookies
+        self.assertIn("netx_at", r.cookies)
+        self.assertIn("netx_rt", r.cookies)
+        me = self.client.get("/v1/auth/me")  # cookie auth
+        self.assertEqual(me.status_code, 200, me.text)
+        self.assertEqual(me.json()["user"]["username"], "admin")
+
+    def test_query_access_token_rejected(self) -> None:
+        token = self._login()
+        # Drop HttpOnly session cookies so only the deprecated query param remains.
+        self.client.cookies.clear()
+        r = self.client.get(f"/v1/probe?access_token={token}")
+        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 401)
+        # Same token still works via Bearer header.
+        r2 = self.client.get("/v1/probe", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
+        self.assertEqual(r2.status_code, 200)
+
+    def test_login_lockout(self) -> None:
+        from netx_api.auth_rate_limit import reset_login_rate_limit_for_tests
+
+        reset_login_rate_limit_for_tests()
+        with patch("netx_api.auth_rate_limit.settings.auth_login_max_failures", 3):
+            with patch("netx_api.auth_rate_limit.settings.auth_login_lockout_sec", 120):
+                for _ in range(3):
+                    r = self.client.post(
+                        "/v1/auth/login", json={"username": "admin", "password": "wrong"}
+                    )
+                self.assertIn(r.status_code, (401, 429))
+                locked = self.client.post(
+                    "/v1/auth/login", json={"username": "admin", "password": "wrong"}
+                )
+                self.assertEqual(locked.status_code, 429)
+                detail = locked.json()["detail"]
+                self.assertEqual(detail["error"], "login_locked")
+        reset_login_rate_limit_for_tests()
 
     def test_login_and_me(self) -> None:
         token = self._login()
@@ -167,10 +326,10 @@ class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         db = self.Session()
         try:
             admin = db.query(AppUser).filter(AppUser.username == "admin").one()
-            create_user(db, username="alice", password="alice12", role="user", actor=admin)
+            create_user(db, username="alice", password="alice123", role="user", actor=admin)
         finally:
             db.close()
-        token = self._login("alice", "alice12")
+        token = self._login("alice", "alice123")
         r = self.client.post(
             "/v1/users",
             headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
@@ -209,7 +368,7 @@ class AuthApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.client.post(
             "/v1/users",
             headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"},
-            json={"username": "carol", "password": "carol12", "role": "user"},
+            json={"username": "carol", "password": "carol123", "role": "user"},
         )
         users = self.client.get("/v1/users", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
         carol_id = next(u["id"] for u in users.json()["items"] if u["username"] == "carol")

tests/test_rbac_scopes.py

@@ -167,7 +167,9 @@ class RbacApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         try:
             bootstrap_admin_if_needed(db)
             admin = db.query(AppUser).filter(AppUser.username == "admin").one()
-            create_user(db, username="alice", password="alice12", role="user", actor=admin)
+            admin.must_change_password = False
+            db.commit()
+            create_user(db, username="alice", password="alice123", role="user", actor=admin)
         finally:
             db.close()
         self.client = TestClient(self.app)
@@ -184,7 +186,7 @@ class RbacApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         return str(r.json()["access_token"])
 
     def test_user_denied_webcrt_and_sql(self) -> None:
-        token = self._login("alice", "alice12")
+        token = self._login("alice", "alice123")
         h = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
         self.assertEqual(self.client.post("/v1/webcrt/sessions", headers=h).status_code, 403)
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ class RbacApiTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertNotEqual(r.status_code, 403)
 
     def test_me_returns_scopes(self) -> None:
-        token = self._login("alice", "alice12")
+        token = self._login("alice", "alice123")
         me = self.client.get("/v1/auth/me", headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"})
         self.assertEqual(me.status_code, 200)
         scopes = me.json()["scopes"]

tests/test_schema_patches.py

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ class SchemaPatchesTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIn("must_change_password", user_cols)
         self.assertIn("scopes", token_cols)
         self.assertIn("expires_at", token_cols)
+        self.assertIn("auth_session", insp.get_table_names())
 
     def test_domain_patches_do_not_raise(self) -> None:
         with self.engine.begin() as conn:
@@ -49,6 +50,8 @@ class SchemaPatchesTests(unittest.TestCase):
         files = sorted(p.name for p in versions.glob("*.py") if p.name != "__init__.py")
         self.assertIn("20260802_scopes.py", files)
         self.assertIn("20260802_legacy_schema.py", files)
+        self.assertIn("20260806_auth_session.py", files)
+        self.assertIn("20260806_auth_refresh.py", files)
         text_legacy = (versions / "20260802_legacy_schema.py").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         self.assertIn('down_revision', text_legacy)
         self.assertIn("20260802_scopes", text_legacy)

web/src/App.tsx

@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ const AuditPage = lazy(() => import("./pages/AuditPage").then((m) => ({ default:
 const ApiTokensPage = lazy(() =>
   import("./pages/ApiTokensPage").then((m) => ({ default: m.ApiTokensPage })),
 );
+const SessionsPage = lazy(() =>
+  import("./pages/SessionsPage").then((m) => ({ default: m.SessionsPage })),
+);
 
 /** Preserve query when redirecting legacy /network/webcrt → /webcrt. */
 function NetworkWebcrtRedirect() {
@@ -129,6 +132,7 @@ function ProtectedApp() {
             <Route path="logs" element={<AuditPage />} />
           </Route>
           <Route path="/api-keys" element={<ApiTokensPage />} />
+          <Route path="/sessions" element={<SessionsPage />} />
           <Route path="*" element={<Navigate to="/" replace />} />
         </Routes>
       </Suspense>

web/src/auth/AuthContext.tsx

@@ -7,14 +7,7 @@ import {
   useState,
   type ReactNode,
 } from "react";
-import {
+import { apiGet, apiPost, clearAuthToken } from "../services/api";
-  AUTH_TOKEN_KEY,
-  apiGet,
-  apiPost,
-  clearAuthToken,
-  getAuthToken,
-  setAuthToken,
-} from "../services/api";
 
 export type AuthUser = {
   id: string;
@@ -44,25 +37,19 @@ const AuthContext = createContext<AuthState | null>(null);
 
 export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
   const [ready, setReady] = useState(false);
-  const [token, setToken] = useState<string | null>(() => getAuthToken());
+  // token is opaque for UI; cookie session means we only care about user presence.
+  const [token, setToken] = useState<string | null>(null);
   const [user, setUser] = useState<AuthUser | null>(null);
   const [scopes, setScopes] = useState<string[]>([]);
 
   const refreshMe = useCallback(async () => {
-    const tok = getAuthToken();
+    clearAuthToken(); // drop any legacy localStorage tokens
-    if (!tok) {
-      setToken(null);
-      setUser(null);
-      setScopes([]);
-      return;
-    }
     try {
       const data = await apiGet<{ user: AuthUser; scopes?: string[] }>("/v1/auth/me");
-      setToken(tok);
+      setToken("cookie");
       setUser(data.user);
       setScopes(data.scopes || data.user.scopes || []);
     } catch {
-      clearAuthToken();
       setToken(null);
       setUser(null);
       setScopes([]);
@@ -76,40 +63,20 @@ export function AuthProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
     })();
   }, [refreshMe]);
 
-  // Other tabs keep React auth state until they hear localStorage change.
-  // `storage` fires only in *other* documents — used to sync logout/login.
-  useEffect(() => {
-    const onStorage = (ev: StorageEvent) => {
-      if (ev.storageArea && ev.storageArea !== localStorage) return;
-      if (ev.key !== null && ev.key !== AUTH_TOKEN_KEY) return;
-      if (ev.key === null || ev.newValue == null || ev.newValue === "") {
-        setToken(null);
-        setUser(null);
-        setScopes([]);
-        return;
-      }
-      void refreshMe();
-    };
-    window.addEventListener("storage", onStorage);
-    return () => window.removeEventListener("storage", onStorage);
-  }, [refreshMe]);
-
   const login = useCallback(async (username: string, password: string) => {
-    const data = await apiPost<{ access_token: string; user: AuthUser }>("/v1/auth/login", {
+    const data = await apiPost<{ user: AuthUser }>("/v1/auth/login", {
       username,
       password,
     });
-    setAuthToken(data.access_token);
+    clearAuthToken();
-    setToken(data.access_token);
+    setToken("cookie");
     setUser(data.user);
     setScopes(data.user.scopes || []);
   }, []);
 
   const logout = useCallback(async () => {
     try {
-      if (getAuthToken()) {
       await apiPost("/v1/auth/logout", {});
-      }
     } catch {
       // ignore
     }

web/src/config/modules.ts

@@ -130,6 +130,16 @@ export const MODULES: readonly ModuleDefinition[] = [
     iconKind: "key",
     titleKey: "layout.titleApiKeys",
   },
+  {
+    moduleId: "sessions",
+    path: "/sessions",
+    section: "system",
+    labelKey: "workbench.cards.sessions",
+    descKey: "workbench.cards.sessionsDesc",
+    iconTone: "slate",
+    iconKind: "key",
+    titleKey: "layout.titleSessions",
+  },
 ] as const satisfies readonly ModuleDefinition[];
 
 export function getModuleById(moduleId: string): ModuleDefinition | undefined {

web/src/i18n/en.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ const en = {
       logs: "Audit logs",
       users: "User admin",
       apiKeys: "API keys",
+      sessions: "Sessions",
     },
     announce: {
       a1: "Dark workbench shell is live — other modules follow the same palette.",
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ const en = {
       auditDesc: "Live task overview and operation logs",
       apiKeys: "API Keys",
       apiKeysDesc: "Issue MCP/script tokens per user with expiry",
+      sessions: "Login sessions",
+      sessionsDesc: "Review and revoke logins on other devices",
     },
   },
   network: {
@@ -519,6 +522,7 @@ const en = {
     titleUsers: "Users",
     titleAudit: "Audit",
     titleApiKeys: "API Keys",
+    titleSessions: "Login sessions",
     navUme: "UME",
     netxApi: "netx api",
     oclawBridge: "oclaw WSS",
@@ -538,6 +542,18 @@ const en = {
     loggingIn: "Signing in…",
     loginFailed: "Login failed",
     logout: "Sign out",
+    sessionsTitle: "Login sessions",
+    sessionsHint: "Manage browser/device logins for this account. Revoked sessions must sign in again.",
+    sessionsEmpty: "No active sessions.",
+    revokeOtherSessions: "Revoke other sessions",
+    revokeSession: "Revoke",
+    sessionCurrent: "Current",
+    sessionRevoked: "Session revoked",
+    sessionsRevokedOthers: "Revoked {{count}} other session(s)",
+    revokeCurrentConfirm: "This is your current session; revoking it requires signing in again. Continue?",
+    colSession: "Session",
+    colLastSeen: "Last seen",
+    colCreated: "Created",
     usersTitle: "User management",
     usersHint: "Only admins can create and manage local accounts.",
     addUser: "Add user",
@@ -614,7 +630,7 @@ const en = {
     confirmPassword: "Confirm new password",
     savePassword: "Save new password",
     savingPassword: "Saving…",
-    passwordTooShort: "New password must be at least 6 characters",
+    passwordTooShort: "New password must be at least 8 characters",
     passwordMismatch: "New passwords do not match",
     passwordMustChange: "New password must differ from the default/old password",
   },

web/src/i18n/zh.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ const zh = {
       logs: "操作日志",
       users: "用户管理",
       apiKeys: "API Key",
+      sessions: "登录会话",
     },
     announce: {
       a1: "深色工作台已上线，其它模块将沿用同一套深色体系。",
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ const zh = {
       auditDesc: "任务概览与操作日志",
       apiKeys: "API Key",
       apiKeysDesc: "为用户生成 MCP/脚本用 Token，可设有效期",
+      sessions: "登录会话",
+      sessionsDesc: "查看并踢掉其他设备上的登录",
     },
   },
   network: {
@@ -515,6 +518,7 @@ const zh = {
     titleUsers: "用户管理",
     titleAudit: "操作审计",
     titleApiKeys: "API Key",
+    titleSessions: "登录会话",
     navUme: "UME 对接",
     netxApi: "netx api",
     oclawBridge: "oclaw WSS",
@@ -534,6 +538,18 @@ const zh = {
     loggingIn: "登录中…",
     loginFailed: "登录失败",
     logout: "退出",
+    sessionsTitle: "登录会话",
+    sessionsHint: "管理当前账号在各浏览器/设备上的登录。踢掉会话后对方需重新登录。",
+    sessionsEmpty: "当前没有活跃会话。",
+    revokeOtherSessions: "踢掉其他会话",
+    revokeSession: "踢掉",
+    sessionCurrent: "当前",
+    sessionRevoked: "会话已吊销",
+    sessionsRevokedOthers: "已踢掉 {{count}} 个其他会话",
+    revokeCurrentConfirm: "这是当前会话，踢掉后需要重新登录。继续？",
+    colSession: "会话",
+    colLastSeen: "最近活动",
+    colCreated: "创建时间",
     usersTitle: "用户管理",
     usersHint: "仅管理员可创建与管理本地账号。",
     addUser: "添加用户",
@@ -609,7 +625,7 @@ const zh = {
     confirmPassword: "确认新密码",
     savePassword: "保存新密码",
     savingPassword: "保存中…",
-    passwordTooShort: "新密码至少 6 位",
+    passwordTooShort: "新密码至少 8 位",
     passwordMismatch: "两次输入的新密码不一致",
     passwordMustChange: "新密码不能与默认/旧密码相同",
   },

web/src/pages/ForceChangePasswordPage.tsx

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export function ForceChangePasswordPage() {
   const onSubmit = async (e: FormEvent) => {
     e.preventDefault();
     setError("");
-    if (newPassword.length < 6) {
+    if (newPassword.length < 8) {
       setError(t("auth.passwordTooShort"));
       return;
     }
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export function ForceChangePasswordPage() {
             onChange={(e) => setNewPassword(e.target.value)}
             disabled={busy}
             required
-            minLength={6}
+            minLength={8}
           />
         </label>
         <label className="login-card__label">
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export function ForceChangePasswordPage() {
             onChange={(e) => setConfirm(e.target.value)}
             disabled={busy}
             required
-            minLength={6}
+            minLength={8}
           />
         </label>
         {error ? (

web/src/pages/SessionsPage.tsx

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+import { useMutation, useQuery, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";
+import { useI18n } from "../i18n";
+import { useToast } from "../hooks/useToast";
+import { apiDelete, apiGet, apiPost } from "../services/api";
+import { formatSystemTime } from "../utils/time";
+
+type SessionRow = {
+  id: string;
+  created_at: string | null;
+  expires_at: string | null;
+  refresh_expires_at: string | null;
+  last_seen_at: string | null;
+  client_ip: string;
+  user_agent: string;
+  current: boolean;
+};
+
+export function SessionsPage() {
+  const { t } = useI18n();
+  const { showOk, showError } = useToast();
+  const qc = useQueryClient();
+
+  const sessionsQuery = useQuery({
+    queryKey: ["auth-sessions"],
+    queryFn: () => apiGet<{ items: SessionRow[]; total: number }>("/v1/auth/sessions"),
+  });
+
+  const revokeMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: (id: string) => apiDelete(`/v1/auth/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`),
+    onSuccess: () => {
+      showOk(t("auth.sessionRevoked"));
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["auth-sessions"] });
+    },
+    onError: (err) => showError(String(err instanceof Error ? err.message : err)),
+  });
+
+  const revokeOthersMut = useMutation({
+    mutationFn: () => apiPost<{ revoked: number }>("/v1/auth/sessions/revoke-others", {}),
+    onSuccess: (data) => {
+          showOk(t("auth.sessionsRevokedOthers", { count: data.revoked ?? 0 }));
+      void qc.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["auth-sessions"] });
+    },
+    onError: (err) => showError(String(err instanceof Error ? err.message : err)),
+  });
+
+  const items = sessionsQuery.data?.items || [];
+
+  return (
+    <div className="page">
+      <header className="page-header">
+        <h1>{t("auth.sessionsTitle")}</h1>
+        <p className="panel__hint">{t("auth.sessionsHint")}</p>
+      </header>
+
+      <div className="panel">
+        <div className="filter-inline" style={{ marginBottom: 12 }}>
+          <button
+            type="button"
+            disabled={revokeOthersMut.isPending || items.filter((s) => !s.current).length === 0}
+            onClick={() => revokeOthersMut.mutate()}
+          >
+            {t("auth.revokeOtherSessions")}
+          </button>
+          <button type="button" onClick={() => void sessionsQuery.refetch()} disabled={sessionsQuery.isFetching}>
+            {t("common.refresh")}
+          </button>
+        </div>
+
+        {sessionsQuery.isLoading ? <p className="muted">{t("common.refreshing")}</p> : null}
+
+        {!items.length && !sessionsQuery.isLoading ? (
+          <p className="muted">{t("auth.sessionsEmpty")}</p>
+        ) : (
+          <table className="data-table">
+            <thead>
+              <tr>
+                <th>{t("auth.colSession")}</th>
+                <th>{t("auth.colIp")}</th>
+                <th>{t("auth.colLastSeen")}</th>
+                <th>{t("auth.colCreated")}</th>
+                <th>{t("auth.actions")}</th>
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {items.map((row) => (
+                <tr key={row.id}>
+                  <td>
+                    <code title={row.user_agent}>{row.id.slice(0, 10)}…</code>
+                    {row.current ? (
+                      <span className="pt-list-status pt-list-status--ok" style={{ marginLeft: 8 }}>
+                        {t("auth.sessionCurrent")}
+                      </span>
+                    ) : null}
+                  </td>
+                  <td>{row.client_ip || "—"}</td>
+                  <td>{row.last_seen_at ? formatSystemTime(row.last_seen_at) : "—"}</td>
+                  <td>{row.created_at ? formatSystemTime(row.created_at) : "—"}</td>
+                  <td>
+                    <button
+                      type="button"
+                      disabled={revokeMut.isPending}
+                      onClick={() => {
+                        if (row.current && !window.confirm(t("auth.revokeCurrentConfirm"))) return;
+                        revokeMut.mutate(row.id);
+                      }}
+                    >
+                      {t("auth.revokeSession")}
+                    </button>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}

web/src/pages/UsersPage.tsx

@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ export function UsersPage() {
               value={password}
               onChange={(e) => setPassword(e.target.value)}
               required
-              minLength={6}
+              minLength={8}
             />
             <select value={role} onChange={(e) => setRole(e.target.value)}>
               <option value="user">{t("auth.roleUser")}</option>
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ export function UsersPage() {
                           />
                           <button
                             type="button"
-                            disabled={!resetPwd[u.id] || resetPwd[u.id].length < 6}
+                            disabled={!resetPwd[u.id] || resetPwd[u.id].length < 8}
                             onClick={() => {
                               const pwd = resetPwd[u.id];
                               patchMut.mutate({ id: u.id, body: { password: pwd } });

web/src/services/api.ts

@@ -50,36 +50,40 @@ import type {
 
 
 export const AUTH_TOKEN_KEY = "netx_access_token";
+export const AUTH_REFRESH_KEY = "netx_refresh_token";
 
-export const getAuthToken = (): string | null => {
+/** Clear legacy localStorage tokens; browser auth now uses HttpOnly cookies. */
-  try {
-    return localStorage.getItem(AUTH_TOKEN_KEY);
-  } catch {
-    return null;
-  }
-};
-
-export const setAuthToken = (token: string): void => {
-  localStorage.setItem(AUTH_TOKEN_KEY, String(token || ""));
-};
-
 export const clearAuthToken = (): void => {
   try {
     localStorage.removeItem(AUTH_TOKEN_KEY);
+    localStorage.removeItem(AUTH_REFRESH_KEY);
   } catch {
     // ignore
   }
 };
 
+/** @deprecated Cookie session — always null for browser UI. */
+export const getAuthToken = (): string | null => null;
+
+/** No-op kept for call-site compatibility during cookie migration. */
+export const setAuthToken = (_token: string): void => {
+  clearAuthToken();
+};
+
+export const setAuthTokens = (_access: string, _refresh?: string | null): void => {
+  clearAuthToken();
+};
+
+const fetchCreds: RequestCredentials = "include";
+
 const authHeaders = (extra?: Record<string, string>): Record<string, string> => {
-  const h: Record<string, string> = { accept: "application/json", ...(extra || {}) };
+  // Browser JWT rides HttpOnly cookies (credentials: include).
-  const tok = getAuthToken();
+  // Authorization Bearer is only needed for non-browser API tokens if ever injected.
-  if (tok) h.authorization = `Bearer ${tok}`;
+  return { accept: "application/json", ...(extra || {}) };
-  return h;
 };
 
 const handleUnauthorized = (path: string): void => {
-  if (path.startsWith("/v1/auth/login")) return;
+  if (path.startsWith("/v1/auth/login") || path.startsWith("/v1/auth/refresh")) return;
   clearAuthToken();
   if (typeof window !== "undefined" && !window.location.pathname.startsWith("/login")) {
     const next = `${window.location.pathname}${window.location.search || ""}`;
@@ -87,6 +91,38 @@ const handleUnauthorized = (path: string): void => {
   }
 };
 
+let refreshInFlight: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
+
+const tryRefreshAccessToken = async (): Promise<boolean> => {
+  if (!refreshInFlight) {
+    refreshInFlight = (async () => {
+      try {
+        // Refresh token comes from HttpOnly cookie when body is empty.
+        const res = await fetch("/v1/auth/refresh", {
+          method: "POST",
+          credentials: fetchCreds,
+          headers: { accept: "application/json", "content-type": "application/json" },
+          body: JSON.stringify({}),
+        });
+        if (!res.ok) {
+          clearAuthToken();
+          return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+      } catch {
+        clearAuthToken();
+        return false;
+      } finally {
+        refreshInFlight = null;
+      }
+    })();
+  }
+  return refreshInFlight;
+};
+
+const shouldAttemptRefresh = (path: string): boolean =>
+  !path.startsWith("/v1/auth/login") && !path.startsWith("/v1/auth/refresh");
+
 const parseApiResponse = async (res: Response): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => {
   const text = await res.text();
   if (!text) return {};
@@ -139,7 +175,10 @@ export function formatApiDetail(detail: unknown): string {
 }
 
 export const apiGet = async <T,>(path: string): Promise<T> => {
-  const res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders() });
+  let res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
+  if (res.status === 401 && shouldAttemptRefresh(path) && (await tryRefreshAccessToken())) {
+    res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
+  }
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
     throw new Error("401 unauthorized");
@@ -149,11 +188,17 @@ export const apiGet = async <T,>(path: string): Promise<T> => {
 };
 
 export const apiPost = async <T,>(path: string, body: unknown): Promise<T> => {
-  const res = await fetch(path, {
+  const doFetch = () =>
+    fetch(path, {
       method: "POST",
+      credentials: fetchCreds,
       headers: authHeaders({ "content-type": "application/json" }),
       body: JSON.stringify(body),
     });
+  let res = await doFetch();
+  if (res.status === 401 && shouldAttemptRefresh(path) && (await tryRefreshAccessToken())) {
+    res = await doFetch();
+  }
   const data = await parseApiResponse(res);
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
@@ -164,11 +209,17 @@ export const apiPost = async <T,>(path: string, body: unknown): Promise<T> => {
 };
 
 export const apiPatch = async <T,>(path: string, body: unknown): Promise<T> => {
-  const res = await fetch(path, {
+  const doFetch = () =>
+    fetch(path, {
       method: "PATCH",
+      credentials: fetchCreds,
       headers: authHeaders({ "content-type": "application/json" }),
       body: JSON.stringify(body),
     });
+  let res = await doFetch();
+  if (res.status === 401 && shouldAttemptRefresh(path) && (await tryRefreshAccessToken())) {
+    res = await doFetch();
+  }
   const data = await parseApiResponse(res);
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
@@ -179,7 +230,10 @@ export const apiPatch = async <T,>(path: string, body: unknown): Promise<T> => {
 };
 
 export const apiDelete = async <T,>(path: string): Promise<T> => {
-  const res = await fetch(path, { method: "DELETE", headers: authHeaders() });
+  let res = await fetch(path, { method: "DELETE", headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
+  if (res.status === 401 && shouldAttemptRefresh(path) && (await tryRefreshAccessToken())) {
+    res = await fetch(path, { method: "DELETE", headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
+  }
   const data = await parseApiResponse(res);
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
@@ -190,11 +244,17 @@ export const apiDelete = async <T,>(path: string): Promise<T> => {
 };
 
 export const apiPut = async <T,>(path: string, body: unknown): Promise<T> => {
-  const res = await fetch(path, {
+  const doFetch = () =>
+    fetch(path, {
       method: "PUT",
+      credentials: fetchCreds,
       headers: authHeaders({ "content-type": "application/json" }),
       body: JSON.stringify(body),
     });
+  let res = await doFetch();
+  if (res.status === 401 && shouldAttemptRefresh(path) && (await tryRefreshAccessToken())) {
+    res = await doFetch();
+  }
   const data = await parseApiResponse(res);
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
@@ -499,7 +559,7 @@ export const managedNeImportTemplateUrl = (format: "xlsx" | "csv" = "xlsx") =>
 
 export const downloadManagedNeImportTemplate = async (format: "xlsx" | "csv" = "xlsx"): Promise<void> => {
   const path = managedNeImportTemplateUrl(format);
-  const res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders() });
+  const res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
     throw new Error("unauthorized");
@@ -527,7 +587,7 @@ export const importManagedNe = async (file: File): Promise<ManagedNeImportResult
   form.append("file", file);
   const path = "/v1/managed-ne/import";
   // Do not set content-type — browser must add multipart boundary.
-  const res = await fetch(path, { method: "POST", headers: authHeaders(), body: form });
+  const res = await fetch(path, { method: "POST", headers: authHeaders(), body: form, credentials: fetchCreds });
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
     throw new Error("unauthorized");
@@ -673,7 +733,7 @@ export function closeWebcrtSessionsKeepalive(sessionIds: string[]): void {
   for (const id of ids) {
     const path = `/v1/webcrt/sessions/${encodeURIComponent(id)}`;
     try {
-      void fetch(path, { method: "DELETE", headers, keepalive: true });
+      void fetch(path, { method: "DELETE", headers, credentials: fetchCreds, keepalive: true });
     } catch {
       /* ignore unload failures */
     }
@@ -772,6 +832,7 @@ async function webcrtSftpDownloadOnce(
   const path = "/v1/webcrt/sftp/download";
   const res = await fetch(path, {
     method: "POST",
+    credentials: fetchCreds,
     headers: authHeaders({ "Content-Type": "application/json" }),
     body: JSON.stringify(body),
     signal: opts?.signal,
@@ -863,8 +924,7 @@ function webcrtSftpUploadOnce(
       opts.signal.addEventListener("abort", onAbort, { once: true });
     }
     xhr.open("POST", path);
-    const tok = getAuthToken();
+    xhr.withCredentials = true;
-    if (tok) xhr.setRequestHeader("Authorization", `Bearer ${tok}`);
     xhr.responseType = "text";
     xhr.upload.onprogress = (ev) => {
       if (!opts?.onProgress) return;
@@ -1414,7 +1474,7 @@ export const downloadNeConfigSnapshot = async (
   const path =
     `/v1/config-sync/snapshots/${encodeURIComponent(source)}/${encodeURIComponent(targetId)}` +
     `/download?field=${encodeURIComponent(field)}`;
-  const res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders() });
+  const res = await fetch(path, { headers: authHeaders(), credentials: fetchCreds });
   if (res.status === 401) {
     handleUnauthorized(path);
     throw new Error("unauthorized");