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156
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/01_协议排障逻辑树/BGP/VPN跨域标签异常排查树.md
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docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/01_协议排障逻辑树/BGP/VPN跨域标签异常排查树.md
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# BGP VPN跨域标签异常排查树
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## 现象:VRF路由下一跳为NULL或出接口为NULL
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### 第零层排查:业务层连通性测试(起点!)
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#### 子步骤0.1:Ping测业务地址
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- **命令**:`ping vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>`
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- **示例**:`ping vrf test 4.1.1.1`
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- **目的**:确认业务是否真正中断,区分是路由问题还是转发问题
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- **预期结果**:
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- 通 → 业务正常,无需进一步排查
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- 不通 → 进入下一步trace定位断点
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#### 子步骤0.2:Trace定位路径
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- **命令**:`trace vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>`
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- **目的**:确定报文在哪一跳丢失,判断是本地问题还是远端问题
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- **典型场景**:
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- 第一跳就失败 → 本地VRF路由或直连问题
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- 中间某跳失败 → 该节点标签或IGP问题
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- 能到最后一跳但不通 → 对端CE设备或业务侧问题
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---
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### If `show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>`显示Interface为NULL
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- **Then第一层排查:MPLS标签分配**
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- `show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip>` → 查看Outgoing Label
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- 若为"no label"或"pop",说明LDP未分配标签
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#### 子步骤1.1:检查LDP会话状态
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- `show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <instance-id>` → 确认LDP邻居为Established
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- `show mpls ldp neighbor detail instance <id>` → 查看标签分发能力
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#### 子步骤1.2:检查LDP策略配置(关键!)
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- `show running-config ldp` → 查找access-fec、fec-filter等过滤配置
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- `show mpls ldp binding instance <id>` → 查看实际分配的标签绑定
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- **常见陷阱**:`access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only`会强制LDP只给32位主机路由分配标签
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- **排障动作**:评估必要性,若非强制需求则去除该限制
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- **示例输出**:
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```
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!<ldp>
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mpls ldp instance 1
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access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only
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discovery hello holdtime 180
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discovery targeted-hello holdtime 180
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interface smartgroup1
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router-id loopback1
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target-session 10.26.63.152
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$
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!</ldp>
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```
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#### 子步骤1.3:检查下一跳地址的掩码长度
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- `show ip forwarding route <next-hop-ip>` → 查看掩码是否为/32
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- **原理**:LDP默认只为32位主机路由分配标签(倒数第二跳弹出机制前提)
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- 若为/30或/31互联地址,LDP可能不分配标签
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---
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### If 标签分配正常但业务仍不通
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- **Then第二层排查:BGP下一跳属性**
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- `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> route` → 查看完整的BGP VPNv4路由表
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- `show bgp vpnv4 unicast labels` → 查看标签信息
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- **关键字段**:Next Hop(下一跳)、Label(标签)、Path(AS_PATH)
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#### 子步骤2.1:检查ASBR配置
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- 登录对端ASBR,查看BGP配置
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- **关键配置缺失**:ASBR向IBGP宣告EBGP路由时未配置`neighbor <ibgp-peer> next-hop-self`
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- **排障动作**:在ASBR上配置`neighbor <ibgp-peer> next-hop-self`
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- **验证命令**:`show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> neighbor <peer-ip> advertised-routes`
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#### 子步骤2.2:验证修复效果
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- 配置next-hop-self后,PE上BGP路由的下一跳应变为ASBR的Loopback地址(32位)
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- LDP为主机路由分配标签 → `show mpls forwarding-table`应显示明确的Outgoing Label
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- `show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>`应显示实际出接口
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---
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### If BGP路由正常但IGP不可达
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- **Then第三层排查:IGP邻接关系**
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- `show isis adjacency` → 检查ISIS邻接状态
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- `show isis hostname` → 查看系统ID映射
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- `show ip ospf neighbor` → 检查OSPF邻居状态
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#### 子步骤3.1:检查IGP拓扑同步
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- `show isis database` → 查看LSDB完整性
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- `show ip ospf database` → 检查OSPF链路状态数据库
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- **常见问题**:IGP未学习到BGP下一跳的路由
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---
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**完整排查流程图**:
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```
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业务不通
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↓
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ping vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip> → 通 → 结束
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↓ 不通
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trace vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip> → 定位断点
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↓
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show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>
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↓ Interface为NULL
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show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip>
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↓ 无标签
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show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id> → Down → 修复LDP会话
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↓ Established ↓ 有标签
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show mpls ldp binding instance <id> show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <name> route
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↓ access-fec限制 ↓ NextHop非32位
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移除限制或接受现状 ASBR配置next-hop-self
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↓ ↓
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重新学习标签 验证转发恢复
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↓
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show isis adjacency
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↓ 无邻接
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修复IGP邻接关系
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```
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**关键命令速查**:
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```bash
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# 业务层测试
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ping vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>
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trace vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>
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# VRF路由转发信息
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show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>
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show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>
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show ip route vpn
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# MPLS标签转发表
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show mpls forwarding-table
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show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip>
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show mpls forwarding-table vpnv4-lsp
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# LDP会话与策略(必须指定instance!)
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show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id>
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show mpls ldp neighbor detail instance <id>
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show mpls ldp binding instance <id>
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show mpls ldp parameters instance <id>
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show running-config ldp
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# VPNv4路由属性
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show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> route
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show bgp vpnv4 unicast labels
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# IGP邻接
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show isis adjacency
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show isis hostname
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show ip ospf neighbor
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```
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**关联案例**:参见 `04_历史故障案例库/BGP/标签与LDP类/BGP_跨域下一跳NULL_LDP策略与下一跳修复_20260720.md`
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**理论锚点**:
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- LDP标签分配策略(默认只为/32主机路由分配标签)
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- 跨域VPN Option-B转发模型(ASBR的next-hop-self作用)
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- FEC过滤机制(access-fec等配置的影响)
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- 标签转发与IP转发的协同工作原理
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26
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/01_协议排障逻辑树/README.md
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docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/01_协议排障逻辑树/README.md
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# 01_协议排障逻辑树
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## 定位
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将教科书原理重构为"If...Then..."的排障决策树,解决"怎么想"的问题。
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## 内容要求
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- 只写状态跳转条件、选路规则的计算过程
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- 严禁大段复制RFC协议报文格式
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- 按协议分类组织排查树
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## 目录结构
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```
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01_协议排障逻辑树/
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├── BGP/
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│ ├── 邻居建立失败排查树.md
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│ ├── 路由优选异常排查树.md
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│ └── VPN跨域标签异常排查树.md
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├── OSPF/
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│ ├── 邻居卡住排查树.md
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│ └── 路由计算错误排查树.md
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└── IS-IS/
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└── L1/L2路由泄露排查树.md
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```
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## RAG作用
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当用户问"为什么BGP优选了这条路由"时,AI优先索引这里的"决策逻辑"而非通用理论。
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31
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/02_产品平台特性/README.md
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docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/02_产品平台特性/README.md
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# 02_产品平台特性与命令集
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## 定位
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记录5800-4X等路由器产品特有的硬件限制、CLI命令解析、版本Bug等产品特定知识。这是知识库区别于厂商官方文档的核心价值所在(⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐重要性)。
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## 内容要求
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- **硬件转发限制**:芯片对标签数目、路由表项、ACL条目等的限制
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- **版本ReleaseNotes**:各软件版本的已知问题、Bug修复清单
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- **协议实现差异**:与Cisco/Huawei等厂商对接时的行为差异
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- **特有CLI命令**:如`access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only`等平台特有配置
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## 目录结构
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```
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02_产品平台特性/
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├── 5800-4X_硬件转发限制.md
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├── 版本ReleaseNotes与BugList/
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│ ├── V800R010_已知问题.md
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│ └── V800R011_修复清单.md
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└── 协议实现差异.md
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```
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## RAG作用
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当AI发现配置命令不认识(如`access-fec`)或遇到异常行为时,优先索引这里的产品特定知识。
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## 为什么这个文件夹最重要?
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大模型已经"背熟"了RFC标准和通用协议原理,但**绝对不知道**你们公司5800-4X路由器的以下信息:
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- 某版本芯片只支持最多8000个MPLS标签
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- `access-fec`命令的特殊过滤逻辑
|
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- 与Cisco设备BGP对接时Keepalive计算单位差异
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|
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这些才是知识库的"护城河",必须详细记录并持续更新。
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224
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/BGP_跨域配置规范.md
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224
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/BGP_跨域配置规范.md
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# BGP跨域配置规范(Option-B场景)
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## 适用场景
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- 不同AS之间的MPLS VPN互联(如AS100与AS200的VPN用户互通)
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- 需要端到端的MPLS标签转发,避免在ASBR上解封装再封装
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---
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## Option-B架构说明
|
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### 网络拓扑
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```
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CE1 --- PE1 --- ASBR1 ==== ASBR2 --- PE2 --- CE2
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(AS100) (AS100) (AS200) (AS200)
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| |
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EBGP会话 EBGP会话
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(带标签) (带标签)
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```
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**关键特征**:
|
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- ASBR1和ASBR2之间建立EBGP会话,交换VPNv4路由(带标签)
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- ASBR向IBGP邻居(PE)宣告从EBGP学到的路由
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- **核心要求**:ASBR必须配置`next-hop-self`,否则PE收到的BGP下一跳是对端ASBR的互联地址(非32位),导致LDP无法分配标签
|
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|
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---
|
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## 标准配置模板
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|
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### ASBR配置(以ASBR1为例,AS100侧)
|
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```bash
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! BGP基础配置
|
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router bgp 100
|
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neighbor 20.0.0.2 remote-as 200 ! EBGP邻居(ASBR2的互联地址)
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neighbor 20.0.0.2 ebgp-multihop 2 ! 若非直连需配多跳
|
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neighbor 20.0.0.2 update-source loopback0
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! VPNv4地址族(关键!)
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address-family vpnv4
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neighbor 20.0.0.2 activate ! 激活EBGP邻居
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neighbor 20.0.0.2 send-label ! 发送标签(Cisco语法,5800-4X类似)
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|
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! 向IBGP邻居宣告时修改下一跳(最关键的一步!)
|
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neighbor 10.0.0.1 remote-as 100 ! IBGP邻居(PE路由器)
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neighbor 10.0.0.1 next-hop-self ! ⭐ 强制将下一跳改为本机Loopback
|
||||
|
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exit-address-family
|
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|
||||
! IPv4单播地址族(可选,用于底层IGP路由)
|
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address-family ipv4 unicast
|
||||
network 10.0.0.1 mask 255.255.255.255 ! 宣告Loopback
|
||||
exit-address-family
|
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```
|
||||
|
||||
### PE配置(以PE1为例,AS100侧)
|
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```bash
|
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router bgp 100
|
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! IBGP全互联或使用路由反射器
|
||||
neighbor 10.0.0.2 remote-as 100 ! ASBR1的Loopback
|
||||
neighbor 10.0.0.2 update-source loopback0
|
||||
|
||||
address-family vpnv4
|
||||
neighbor 10.0.0.2 activate
|
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! 不需要配next-hop-self,因为ASBR已经做了
|
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exit-address-family
|
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|
||||
! VRF配置(关联CE侧)
|
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vrf definition VPN-A
|
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rd 100:1
|
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route-target export 100:1
|
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route-target import 100:1
|
||||
exit-vrf-definition
|
||||
|
||||
interface gei-1/1
|
||||
vrf forwarding VPN-A
|
||||
ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 关键配置检查清单
|
||||
|
||||
### ASBR必查项
|
||||
- [ ] `address-family vpnv4`下配置了EBGP邻居并`activate`
|
||||
- [ ] 配置了`send-label`或等价命令(启用标签分发)
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- [ ] 向IBGP邻居宣告时配置了`next-hop-self`
|
||||
- [ ] ASBR的Loopback地址通过IGP宣告(确保IBGP可达)
|
||||
|
||||
### PE必查项
|
||||
- [ ] IBGP邻居关系使用Loopback地址建立
|
||||
- [ ] VRF的RD和Route Target配置正确
|
||||
- [ ] 从ASBR学到的VPNv4路由的下一跳是ASBR的Loopback(32位)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 验证步骤
|
||||
|
||||
### 第1步:检查ASBR上的BGP路由
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 在ASBR1上执行
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 un addr <dest-prefix>
|
||||
|
||||
# 期望输出关键字段:
|
||||
# From 20.0.0.2 (20.0.0.2): 下一跳=20.0.0.2(EBGP对端)
|
||||
# From 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1): 下一跳=10.0.0.1(已改为本机Loopback)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第2步:检查PE上的BGP路由和标签
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 在PE1上执行
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 un addr <dest-prefix>
|
||||
|
||||
# 期望输出:
|
||||
# Next hop: 10.0.0.2(ASBR1的Loopback,32位主机路由)
|
||||
# Label: 16001(明确的MPLS标签)
|
||||
|
||||
show ip forwarding route vrf VPN-A <dest-prefix>
|
||||
|
||||
# 期望输出:
|
||||
# Interface: gei-1/2(实际出接口,不是NULL)
|
||||
# Gw: 10.0.0.2(下一跳可达)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 第3步:端到端连通性测试
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 从CE1 ping CE2的地址
|
||||
ping vrf VPN-A <CE2-IP> source <CE1-IP>
|
||||
|
||||
# 若不通,用tracerace定位断点
|
||||
traceroute vrf VPN-A <CE2-IP>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 常见故障与根因
|
||||
|
||||
### 故障1:PE上VRF路由下一跳为NULL
|
||||
**现象**:`show ip forwarding route vrf`显示Interface=NULL
|
||||
|
||||
**可能根因**:
|
||||
1. **ASBR未配next-hop-self** → PE收到的下一跳是对端ASBR的互联地址(/30),LDP不分配标签
|
||||
2. **LDP配置了access-fec过滤** → 即使下一跳是32位,也可能被过滤掉
|
||||
|
||||
**排障流程**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 步骤1:查看BGP下一跳
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 un addr <prefix> | include Next
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤2:若下一跳是/30地址(如20.0.0.2/30),则ASBR肯定没配next-hop-self
|
||||
# 步骤3:若下一跳是32位但仍无标签,检查LDP策略
|
||||
show running-config mpls ldp | include access-fec
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**关联案例**:参见 `04_历史故障案例库/BGP/标签与LDP类/BGP_跨域下一跳NULL_LDP策略与下一跳修复_20260720.md`
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 故障2:ASBR上EBGP邻居无法建立
|
||||
**现象**:`show ip bgp summary`中EBGP邻居状态为Idle或Active
|
||||
|
||||
**可能根因**:
|
||||
1. TCP端口179被ACL阻断
|
||||
2. EBGP多跳未配置(若非直连)
|
||||
3. MD5认证不匹配
|
||||
4. Update-source配置错误
|
||||
|
||||
**排障命令**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show ip bgp neighbors <ip> # 查看邻居详细状态
|
||||
show access-lists | include 179 # 检查ACL是否阻断BGP
|
||||
show running-config | include router bgp # 验证ebgp-multihop和update-source
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 故障3:标签分配正常但业务仍不通
|
||||
**现象**:MPLS转发表有标签,但ping不通
|
||||
|
||||
**可能根因**:
|
||||
1. **VRF路由泄露问题**:Route Target配置错误,导致PE没有导入对端路由
|
||||
2. **CEF转发异常**:硬件转发表未正确编程
|
||||
3. **MTU不匹配**:MPLS报文超过链路MTU被丢弃
|
||||
|
||||
**排障命令**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 检查VRF路由表
|
||||
show ip route vrf VPN-A
|
||||
|
||||
# 检查MPLS转发统计
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table statistics
|
||||
|
||||
# 检查接口MTU
|
||||
show interface <interface> | include MTU
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 配置优化建议
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 使用路由反射器简化IBGP全互联
|
||||
对于大型网络,PE之间不必全互联建IBGP:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 指定RR(路由反射器)
|
||||
router bgp 100
|
||||
neighbor 10.0.0.100 remote-as 100 # RR的Loopback
|
||||
neighbor 10.0.0.100 route-reflector-client # 仅在RR上配
|
||||
|
||||
# PE侧无需特殊配置,RR会自动反射路由
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 启用BGP PIC(快速重收敛)
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
router bgp 100
|
||||
bgp fast-external-failover # 链路Down立即撤销路由
|
||||
neighbor <ip> fall-over bfd # 与BFD联动检测
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 限制接收的前缀数量(防攻击)
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
router bgp 100
|
||||
neighbor <ip> maximum-prefix 10000 90 # 最多1万条,90%时告警
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
**维护建议**:
|
||||
- 每次新增跨域业务前,必须在实验室模拟Option-B场景验证配置
|
||||
- 定期审查ASBR的next-hop-self配置(现场变更可能误删)
|
||||
- 对于重要客户VPN,部署BFD实现亚秒级故障检测
|
||||
|
||||
**关联文档**:
|
||||
- `01_协议排障逻辑树/BGP/VPN跨域标签异常排查树.md`
|
||||
- `02_产品平台特性/协议实现差异.md`(BGP next-hop-self行为差异)
|
||||
93
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/LDP_配置基线.md
Normal file
93
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/LDP_配置基线.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
|||
# LDP配置基线
|
||||
|
||||
## 标准配置模板
|
||||
|
||||
### 基础LDP配置
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
mpls ldp instance 1
|
||||
discovery hello holdtime 180
|
||||
discovery targeted-hello holdtime 180
|
||||
graceful-restart
|
||||
graceful-restart timer max-recovery 600
|
||||
graceful-restart timer neighbor-liveness 300
|
||||
access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only ! 显示指定仅主机路由分配标签
|
||||
interface smartgroup1 !接口使能ldp
|
||||
$
|
||||
router-id loopback1 ! 显式指定Router-ID(推荐用Loopback地址)
|
||||
target-session 10.26.63.152 ! 通过 target-session 配置ldp
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 关键参数推荐值
|
||||
|
||||
| 参数 | 推荐值 | 说明 |
|
||||
| -------------------| -----------------------| --------------------------------------|
|
||||
| Router-ID | Loopback0地址(32位) | 必须全网唯一且稳定 |
|
||||
| 传输地址 | Loopback地址 | 避免物理接口Down导致LDP会话中断 |
|
||||
| Hello间隔(链路) | 5秒 | 默认值,直连邻居发现 |
|
||||
| Hello间隔(目标) | 15秒 | 用于非直连邻居(需配`neighbor`命令) |
|
||||
| Keepalive间隔 | 45秒 | TCP连接保活 |
|
||||
| Hold Time | 180秒 | Hello保持时间(4倍Hello间隔) |
|
||||
| 标签分配模式 | DU(下游主动) | 默认模式,无需配置 |
|
||||
| FEC过滤策略 | 不过滤(默认) | 除非有安全或资源限制需求 |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 常见配置陷阱与规避
|
||||
|
||||
### ⚠️ 陷阱1:access-fec过滤导致标签缺失
|
||||
**现象**:某些非32位FEC没有分配到标签,MPLS转发出接口为NULL
|
||||
|
||||
**错误配置示例**:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
mpls ldp nstance 1
|
||||
access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only ! 只给32位主机路由分标签
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**问题根因**:
|
||||
- 该配置强制LDP只为/32掩码的主机路由分配标签
|
||||
- 对于/30或/31的互联地址,即使LDP默认会分配标签,也会被过滤掉
|
||||
- **后果**:跨域VPN场景中,若BGP下一跳是互联地址(非32位),会导致标签缺失→流量黑洞
|
||||
|
||||
**规避方案**:
|
||||
- 评估业务需求,若无特殊安全要求,**不要配置**`access-fec`过滤
|
||||
- 若必须限制标签分配范围,使用更精细的prefix-list:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
ip prefix-list ALLOW-HOST-ROUTES seq 5 permit 0.0.0.0/0 le 32
|
||||
mpls ldp
|
||||
access-fec ip-prefix prefix-list ALLOW-HOST-ROUTES ! 允许所有前缀
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**关联案例**:参见 `04_历史故障案例库/BGP/标签与LDP类/BGP_跨域下一跳NULL_LDP策略与下一跳修复_20260720.md`
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 验证命令速查
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 查看ldp是否存在告警
|
||||
show alarm current typeid ldp
|
||||
# 查看LDP会话状态
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor <ldp-neighbor> detail instance 1
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor detail instance 1
|
||||
|
||||
# 查看标签绑定关系
|
||||
show mpls ldp bindings 10.0.0.8 32 detail instance 1 ! 优先使用
|
||||
show mpls ldp bindings 10.0.0.8 32 instance 1 ! 优先使用
|
||||
show mpls ldp bindings instance 1
|
||||
# 查看标签转发表
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table 10.0.0.8 32
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table
|
||||
|
||||
# 查看LDP配置
|
||||
show running-config ldp
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
**维护建议**:
|
||||
- 每季度审查一次LDP配置基线,确保与现网实践一致
|
||||
- 新增LDP邻居前,必须在变更窗口内验证MD5认证和标签分配
|
||||
- 对于跨域Option-B场景,务必同步检查BGP next-hop-self配置
|
||||
|
||||
**关联文档**:
|
||||
- `06_标准SOP与工具脚本/MPLS标签排障命令速查.md`
|
||||
24
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/README.md
Normal file
24
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/03_配置规范与基线/README.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
|||
# 03_配置规范与基线
|
||||
|
||||
## 定位
|
||||
记录公司内部标准配置模板和最佳实践,解决"应该怎么配"的问题。这是连接理论与实战的桥梁。
|
||||
|
||||
## 内容要求
|
||||
- **配置基线**:各协议的标准配置模板(含推荐参数和避坑指南)
|
||||
- **配置规范**:跨域VPN、MPLS等复杂场景的标准化部署方案
|
||||
- **面积规划模板**:OSPF区域划分、IS-IS层级设计等网络规划参考
|
||||
|
||||
## 目录结构
|
||||
```
|
||||
03_配置规范与基线/
|
||||
├── LDP_配置基线.md
|
||||
├── BGP_跨域配置规范.md
|
||||
└── OSPF_面积规划模板.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 与01_协议排障逻辑树的区别
|
||||
- 01文件夹讲"排查思路"(If...Then...决策树)
|
||||
- 本文件夹讲"标准配置"(最佳实践模板和参数推荐)
|
||||
|
||||
## RAG作用
|
||||
当用户问"LDP应该怎么配才安全"或"BGP跨域有什么注意事项"时,AI索引这里的标准化配置规范。
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
|
|||
# BGP跨域下一跳NULL_LDP策略与下一跳修复_20260720
|
||||
|
||||
## 案例元数据
|
||||
| 项目 | 内容 |
|
||||
| ----------------| -----------------------------------------------------|
|
||||
| **案例编号** | BGP-CROSS-DOMAIN-001 |
|
||||
| **适用产品** | 路由器通用 |
|
||||
| **涉及协议** | BGP(跨域VPN)、LDP、MPLS |
|
||||
| **关键词标签** | #下一跳NULL #LDP标签分配 #access-fec #next-hop-self |
|
||||
| **故障日期** | 2026-07-20 |
|
||||
| **故障等级** | 业务中断(跨域VPN不通) |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 1. 现象特征(用户/监控看到的表现)
|
||||
|
||||
### 业务影响
|
||||
- 跨域VPN业务不通,PE上私网路由无法转发
|
||||
|
||||
### 直接现象
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 第零层:业务层测试(排障起点!)
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf test 4.1.1.1
|
||||
sending 5,100-byte ICMP echo(es) to 4.1.1.1,timeout is 2 second(s).
|
||||
.....
|
||||
Success rate is 0 percent(0/5).
|
||||
|
||||
# 第一层:查看VRF路由转发信息
|
||||
MER1#show ip forwarding route vrf test
|
||||
|
||||
Routes: 3 Route-paths: 3
|
||||
IPv4 Routing Table:
|
||||
Headers: Dest: Destination, Gw: Gateway, Pri: Priority;
|
||||
Codes : BROADC: Broadcast, USER-I: User-ipaddr, USER-S: User-special,
|
||||
MULTIC: Multicast, USER-N: User-network, DHCP-D: DHCP-DFT,
|
||||
ASBR-V: ASBR-VPN, STAT-V: Static-VRF, DHCP-S: DHCP-static,
|
||||
GW-FWD: PS-BUSI, NAT64: Stateless-NAT64, LDP-A: LDP-area,
|
||||
GW-UE: PS-USER, P-VRF: Per-VRF-label, TE: RSVP-TE, NAT-M : NAT-mask
|
||||
BP: BRAS-pool, HAGP: Hybrid-access-gateway-protocol;
|
||||
Status codes: *valid, >best, R: Relay;
|
||||
Dest Gw Interface Owner Pri Metric
|
||||
*> 4.1.1.0/30 4.1.1.2 bvi3.2000 Direct 0 0
|
||||
*> 9.9.9.9/32 32.0.0.2 NULL BGP 200 0 ← 关键异常!
|
||||
*> 80.0.2.100/32 32.0.0.2 NULL BGP 200 0 ← 关键异常!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**关键信号**:BGP路由的Interface字段显示为`NULL`,说明MPLS标签缺失导致无法封装转发。
|
||||
|
||||
### 告警信息
|
||||
- LDP邻居状态正常,无相关LDP告警上报
|
||||
- BGP邻居Established,无会话Down机告警
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 2. 关联理论(此故障对应的理论锚点)
|
||||
|
||||
### 理论锚点1:LDP标签分配策略
|
||||
**原理**:LDP默认只为32位掩码的主机路由(Host Route)分配标签。对于非32位前缀(如本例中的30位互联地址),默认不分配标签。这是MPLS转发中"倒数第二跳弹出"机制的前提。
|
||||
|
||||
**排障关联**:若MPLS转发出接口为NULL,除检查LDP会话外,需重点排查LDP策略中是否配置了`access-fec`类过滤。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 理论锚点2:跨域VPN Option-B转发模型
|
||||
**原理**:ASBR将EBGP路由(带标签)向IBGP邻居宣告时,若未配置`next-hop-self`,则IBGP邻居收到的路由下一跳保持为对端ASBR的互联接口地址(通常为30位或31位)。该地址若未被LDP分配标签,则VPN流量在本地无法封装MPLS标签,导致下一跳为NULL。
|
||||
|
||||
**排障关联**:在Option-B场景下,ASBR必须配置`next-hop-self`,使下一跳变为ASBR的Loopback地址(32位主机路由),确保LDP能够分配标签。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 理论锚点3:LDP FEC过滤机制
|
||||
**原理**:`access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only`配置会强制LDP只给32位主机路由分配标签,对其他前缀(即使LDP默认会分标签)也拒绝分配。
|
||||
|
||||
**排障关联**:该配置是导致本例误判的关键干扰因素——移除后标签恢复分配,但业务仍不通,说明问题不止于此。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 3. 真实根因(层层递进的分析过程)
|
||||
|
||||
⚠️ **这是最核心的"排障思维链",AI需要学习这套推理逻辑,而不是只看结论。**
|
||||
|
||||
| 排查层级 | 排查动作 | 发现结果 | 判断结论 |
|
||||
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| **第零层(起点!)** | `ping vrf test 4.1.1.1` | Success rate is 0 percent(0/5) | 确认业务确实中断,不是误报 |
|
||||
| **第一层** | `show ip forwarding route vrf test` | 下一跳为32.0.0.2,出接口NULL | 初步判断为MPLS标签分配异常(标准排障直觉✅) |
|
||||
| **第二层** | `show mpls forwarding-table 32.0.0.2` | Local label有分配,但Outgoing Label为"no label"或为空 | 确认LDP未给下一跳32.0.0.2分配标签 |
|
||||
| **第三层** | `show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1` / 告警检查 | LDP邻居状态为Established,无告警 | 排除LDP会话层故障 |
|
||||
| **第四层(关键!)** | `show running-config ldp` | 发现配置了`access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only` | 该策略限制了LDP只能为32位主机路由分配标签 |
|
||||
| **第五层** | `show ip forwarding route 32.0.0.2` | 该地址是30位掩码的互联地址(非32位) | **一级根因**:LDP不给非32位路由分配标签 → 标签缺失 → 出接口为NULL |
|
||||
| **第六层** | 移除`access-fec`限制后观察`show mpls forwarding-table` | Outgoing Label恢复,出接口显示为实际接口(如gei-1/2) | 验证了标签分配问题,但业务仍不通,说明问题不止于此 |
|
||||
| **第七层** | `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route` | 下一跳32.0.0.2是跨域对端ASBR的互联接口地址(30位),而非Loopback地址(32位) | **二级根因**:ASBR未配置`next-hop-self`,导致IBGP邻居收到的是互联地址而非Loopback地址 |
|
||||
| **第八层** | ASBR配置`neighbor <ibgp-peer> next-hop-self`后观察BGP路由 | 路由下一跳变为ASBR的Loopback地址(32位) | LDP为主机路由分配标签 → `show mpls forwarding-table`显示明确的Outgoing Label → `show ip forwarding route vrf test`显示实际出接口 → ping测试成功 → 业务恢复 ✅ |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 4. 解决方案与排障命令沉淀
|
||||
|
||||
### 🔧 最终解决方案
|
||||
1. **根本修复**:在ASBR上,将接收的EBGP路由向IBGP邻居宣告时,配置`next-hop-self`,使路由的下一跳变为ASBR的Loopback地址(32位主机路由)。
|
||||
|
||||
2. **容错增强**:评估`access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only`配置的必要性。若非强制需求,建议去除,避免LDP标签分配范围过窄。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 📋 排障命令速查
|
||||
|
||||
| 步骤 | 命令 | 作用 | 关注字段 |
|
||||
| ---- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
|
||||
| **1** | `ping vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip>` | 业务层连通性测试(排障起点!) | Success rate是否为0% |
|
||||
| **2** | `show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>` | 查看VRF内指定路由的转发信息 | **Gw(下一跳IP)**、**Interface(是否为NULL是关键信号)** |
|
||||
| **3** | `show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip>` | 查看到达下一跳的外层标签分配情况 | **Outgoing Label**(是否为no label或pop) |
|
||||
| **4** | `show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <instance-id>` | 检查LDP会话状态 | 邻居是否为Established |
|
||||
| **5** | `show mpls ldp binding instance <id>` | 检查LDP标签绑定信息 | 是否有对应FEC的标签绑定 |
|
||||
| **6** | `show running-config ldp` | 检查LDP策略配置 | 是否存在`access-fec`等过滤配置 |
|
||||
| **7** | `show ip forwarding route <next-hop-ip>` | 查看下一跳IP本身的路由属性(尤其掩码长度) | **掩码是否为/32**(决定LDP是否分配标签) |
|
||||
| **8** | `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> route` | 查看VPNv4路由的BGP属性 | **NEXT_HOP字段**(是否是对端互联地址还是Loopback)、**Label字段** |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
### 🛠️ 修复验证命令
|
||||
|
||||
| 验证阶段 | 命令 | 期望输出 |
|
||||
| -------- | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
|
||||
| **LDP策略修复后** | `show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip>` | Outgoing Label显示明确的标签值(不再是no label) |
|
||||
| **next-hop-self配置后** | `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route` | NEXT_HOP变为ASBR的Loopback地址(32位) |
|
||||
| **业务恢复验证** | `ping vrf test <dest-ip>` | Success rate is 100 percent(5/5) |
|
||||
| **最终确认** | `show ip forwarding route vrf test` | Interface字段显示实际出接口(如gei-x/x),不再是NULL |
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
**维护建议**:
|
||||
- 每季度审查一次现网BGP跨域配置,确保ASBR的`next-hop-self`配置未被误删
|
||||
- 对于新增的LDP策略配置(如`access-fec`),必须在变更窗口内验证标签分配效果
|
||||
- 定期导出`show tech-support`存档,便于故障回溯分析
|
||||
|
||||
**关联文档**:
|
||||
- `01_协议排障逻辑树/BGP/VPN跨域标签异常排查树.md`
|
||||
- `03_配置规范与基线/BGP_跨域配置规范.md`
|
||||
- `06_标准SOP与工具脚本/命令探索方法论.md`
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
## 附录:完整排障流程示例
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 步骤1:业务测试
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf test 4.1.1.1
|
||||
sending 5,100-byte ICMP echo(es) to 4.1.1.1,timeout is 2 second(s).
|
||||
.....
|
||||
Success rate is 0 percent(0/5).
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤2:查看VRF路由
|
||||
MER1#show ip forwarding route vrf test
|
||||
Dest Gw Interface Owner Pri Metric
|
||||
*> 9.9.9.9/32 32.0.0.2 NULL BGP 200 0
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤3:检查MPLS标签
|
||||
MER1#show mpls forwarding-table 32.0.0.2
|
||||
Local Outgoing Prefix or Outgoing Next Hop M/S
|
||||
label label Lspname interface
|
||||
24020 no label 32.0.0.2/30 - - M ← 无标签!
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤4:检查LDP会话
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1
|
||||
Codes: D:Direct, T:Targeted, D&T:Direct&Targeted
|
||||
Total number of neigbors:0
|
||||
Operational:0 (D:0,T:0,D&T:0) (IPv4:0,IPv6:0,IPv4&IPv6:0)
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤5:检查LDP策略
|
||||
MER1#show running-config ldp
|
||||
!<ldp>
|
||||
mpls ldp instance 1
|
||||
access-fec ip-prefix host-route-only ← 关键限制!
|
||||
discovery hello holdtime 180
|
||||
interface smartgroup1
|
||||
router-id loopback1
|
||||
$
|
||||
!</ldp>
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤6:检查下一跳掩码
|
||||
MER1#show ip forwarding route 32.0.0.2
|
||||
Dest Gw Interface Owner Pri Metric
|
||||
*> 32.0.0.0/30 32.0.0.2 gei-1/2 Direct 0 0
|
||||
*> 32.0.0.2/32 32.0.0.2 gei-1/2 Address 0 0
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤7:查看BGP路由
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route
|
||||
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf RtPrf Path
|
||||
*> 9.9.9.9/32 32.0.0.2 0 100 ?
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤8:ASBR配置next-hop-self后验证
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route
|
||||
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf RtPrf Path
|
||||
*> 9.9.9.9/32 10.26.63.152 0 100 ? ← 下一跳变为Loopback!
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤9:验证标签恢复
|
||||
MER1#show mpls forwarding-table 10.26.63.152
|
||||
Local Outgoing Prefix or Outgoing Next Hop M/S
|
||||
label label Lspname interface
|
||||
24020 24001 10.26.63.152/32 gei-1/2 10.26.63.152 M ← 标签恢复!
|
||||
|
||||
# 步骤10:业务恢复验证
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf test 4.1.1.1
|
||||
sending 5,100-byte ICMP echo(es) to 4.1.1.1,timeout is 2 second(s).
|
||||
!!!!!
|
||||
Success rate is 100 percent(5/5).
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**文档版本**:v4.0(清理错误命令,只保留正确命令)
|
||||
**最后更新**:2026-07-20
|
||||
**维护者**:通过netx在MER1 (10.229.234.136)上实测验证
|
||||
27
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/05_监控指标与告警阈值/README.md
Normal file
27
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/05_监控指标与告警阈值/README.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
# 05_监控指标与告警阈值
|
||||
|
||||
## 定位
|
||||
定义各协议的运维监控标准和告警阈值,解决"什么算异常"的问题。这是实现主动运维和故障预测的基础。
|
||||
|
||||
## 内容要求
|
||||
- **路由表规模阈值**:BGP/OSPF/IS-IS的路由表项上限告警值
|
||||
- **会话状态指标**:邻居震荡频率、Hold Timer超时次数等
|
||||
- **资源利用率**:CPU/内存/LCAM使用率的告警门限
|
||||
- **流量特征基线**:正常时段的流量范围,偏离基线时告警
|
||||
|
||||
## 目录结构
|
||||
```
|
||||
05_监控指标与告警阈值/
|
||||
├── BGP路由表超限阈值.md
|
||||
├── LDP会话震荡告警标准.md
|
||||
├── OSPF_LSA刷新频率异常阈值.md
|
||||
└── CPU内存排障参考值.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## RAG作用
|
||||
当用户问"BGP路由表多少条算异常"或"LDP邻居多久震荡一次需要关注"时,AI索引这里的量化阈值标准。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为什么需要量化阈值?
|
||||
- **避免误报**:没有基线的告警只是噪音
|
||||
- **提前预警**:在故障发生前发现趋势性异常
|
||||
- **标准化运维**:不同值班人员对"异常"有统一判断标准
|
||||
34
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/README.md
Normal file
34
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/README.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
|||
# 06_标准SOP与工具脚本
|
||||
|
||||
## 定位
|
||||
沉淀常用排障命令组合、自动化脚本和标准化操作流程(SOP),解决"具体敲什么命令"的问题。这是最贴近实战的操作手册。
|
||||
|
||||
## 内容要求
|
||||
- **命令速查卡**:将复杂排障流程浓缩为3-5步关键命令
|
||||
- **自动化脚本**:Python/Shell脚本,一键采集诊断信息
|
||||
- **抓包与解码规范**:协议报文的捕获方法和关键字段解析
|
||||
- **检查清单(Checklist)**:重大变更或故障处理的标准步骤
|
||||
|
||||
## 目录结构
|
||||
```
|
||||
06_标准SOP与工具脚本/
|
||||
├── MPLS标签排障命令速查.md
|
||||
├── BGP跨域故障排查SOP.md
|
||||
├── OSPF邻居异常快速诊断.md
|
||||
├── 抓包与解码规范.md
|
||||
└── 自动化采集脚本/
|
||||
├── collect_bgp_info.py
|
||||
└── check_mpls_labels.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## RAG作用
|
||||
当用户说"帮我执行BGP排障"或"运行MPLS标签检查"时,AI直接调用这里的命令组合或脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
## 与01_协议排障逻辑树的区别
|
||||
- 01文件夹讲"排查思路"(If...Then...决策树)
|
||||
- 本文件夹讲"操作动作"(具体执行哪些show/debug命令)
|
||||
|
||||
## 最佳实践
|
||||
- 每个SOP不超过一页A4纸,便于打印携带
|
||||
- 命令附带"期望输出"和"异常判定标准"
|
||||
- 脚本具备自解释能力(含帮助信息和示例)
|
||||
400
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/命令探索方法论.md
Normal file
400
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/命令探索方法论.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,400 @@
|
|||
# 命令探索方法论:通过 `?` 在线帮助发现真实命令
|
||||
|
||||
## 为什么需要命令探索?
|
||||
|
||||
在实际网络运维中,我们经常遇到以下问题:
|
||||
- **文档过时**:厂商设备版本升级后命令语法变化
|
||||
- **记忆模糊**:记不清完整命令路径和参数格式
|
||||
- **设备差异**:不同厂商(ZTE/Huawei/Cisco)命令体系不同
|
||||
- **上下文依赖**:某些命令只在特定模式下可用
|
||||
|
||||
**解决方案**:使用设备内置的 `?` 在线帮助系统,像"剥洋葱"一样逐层探索。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 核心原则:从宽到窄,逐步细化
|
||||
|
||||
### 探索路径示例:以BGP VPNv4路由查询为例
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第一步:确定顶层命令
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出会列出所有 `show` 开头的命令类别:
|
||||
```
|
||||
bgp Show BGP information
|
||||
ip Show IP information
|
||||
mpls Show MPLS information
|
||||
isis Show IS-IS routing information
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第二步:进入子命令层级
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出显示BGP相关的地址族:
|
||||
```
|
||||
ipv4 IPv4 address family
|
||||
vpnv4 VPNv4 address family
|
||||
evpn Display information about all EVPN NLRIs
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第三步:继续深入具体类型
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出显示VPNv4的单播/组播分类:
|
||||
```
|
||||
unicast Display information about all VPNv4 NLRIs
|
||||
multicast Display information about all VPNv4 multicast NLRIs
|
||||
flowspec Flow specification address family modifier
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第四步:查看可用的操作符和参数
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
**关键输出**(这是最有价值的一步):
|
||||
```
|
||||
as Autonomous system
|
||||
community Show route community information
|
||||
dampened-paths Show paths suppressed due to dampening
|
||||
detail Display detailed information about an ip prefix
|
||||
flap Show flap info
|
||||
in Show route information received from all neighbors
|
||||
labels Display BGP labels for prefixes
|
||||
neighbor Detailed information on TCP and BGP neighbor connections
|
||||
network Show route information
|
||||
rd Specify route distinguisher
|
||||
rd-by-vrf Specify route distinguisher by VRF name
|
||||
vrf Display information for a VPN Routing/Forwarding instance
|
||||
| Output modifiers (管道符,用于过滤)
|
||||
> Redirect the output to a file (重定向到文件)
|
||||
<cr> Carriage return (直接回车执行)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第五步:选择VRF相关选项继续探索
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出显示可用的VRF实例名称:
|
||||
```
|
||||
5G_MEC VPN Routing/Forwarding instance name
|
||||
IP_RAN VPN Routing/Forwarding instance name
|
||||
test VPN Routing/Forwarding instance name
|
||||
WORD VPN Routing/Forwarding instance name (任意字符串)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第六步:查看VRF下的具体操作
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test ?
|
||||
```
|
||||
最终得到精确命令:
|
||||
```
|
||||
detail Show route detail information
|
||||
export-unicast Export VRF routes to unicast routing table
|
||||
import-unicast Import unicast routes to VRF routing table
|
||||
in Show route information received from all neighbors
|
||||
labels Display BGP labels for prefixes
|
||||
local Display local information of a BGP neighbor
|
||||
neighbor Detailed information on TCP and BGP neighbor connections
|
||||
policy Display information about bgp advertisements under a proposed policy
|
||||
received Display information received from a BGP neighbor
|
||||
route Show route information ← 这就是我们要的!
|
||||
summary Summary of BGP neighbor status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第七步:执行最终命令
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出完整的BGP VPNv4路由表:
|
||||
```
|
||||
15:21:26 Beijing Mon Jul 20 2026
|
||||
Current AS: 100. Other AS: 64580, 64600, 64900
|
||||
|
||||
Status codes: * valid, > best, i - internal, s - stale
|
||||
Origin codes: i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
|
||||
Network Next Hop Metric LocPrf RtPrf Path
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 实战案例:探索Ping和Trace命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例1:VRF环境下的Ping命令
|
||||
|
||||
#### 探索过程记录
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 第1层:ping后面可以跟什么?
|
||||
MER1#ping ?
|
||||
A.B.C.D Target IP address
|
||||
bier Send BIER echo messages
|
||||
ce Customer edge
|
||||
dcn DCN VRF
|
||||
domain Domain name
|
||||
evpn Send EVPN echo messages
|
||||
mpls Send MPLS echo messages
|
||||
satellite Specify satellite ID
|
||||
vpls VPLS instance
|
||||
vpws Kompella VPWS
|
||||
vrf VPN Routing/Forwarding instance name
|
||||
|
||||
# 第2层:ping vrf后面跟什么?
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf ?
|
||||
5G_MEC VRF name (1-32 characters)
|
||||
5G_OAM VRF name (1-32 characters)
|
||||
IP_RAN VRF name (1-32 characters)
|
||||
test VRF name (1-32 characters)
|
||||
WORD VRF name (1-32 characters)
|
||||
|
||||
# 第3层:ping vrf test后面跟什么?
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf test ?
|
||||
A.B.C.D Target IP address
|
||||
domain Domain name
|
||||
|
||||
# 第4层:执行完整命令
|
||||
MER1#ping vrf test 4.1.1.1
|
||||
sending 5,100-byte ICMP echo(es) to 4.1.1.1,timeout is 2 second(s).
|
||||
.....
|
||||
Success rate is 0 percent(0/5).
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例2:探索MPLS LDP邻居查询
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 第1层:mpls ldp后面有什么?
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp ?
|
||||
backoff Show LDP session setup backoff table
|
||||
bindings Show the LDP label information base (LIB)
|
||||
discovery Show sources for locally generated LDP discovery hello PDUs
|
||||
graceful-restart Show MPLS LDP GR
|
||||
iccp Show LDP session and ICCP state information
|
||||
igp Show LDP IGP synchronization status
|
||||
instance Show LDP instance information
|
||||
interface Show per-interface LDP forwarding information
|
||||
log Show LDP log info
|
||||
neighbor Show LDP neighbor information ← 目标在这里
|
||||
parameters Show LDP configuration parameters
|
||||
|
||||
# 第2层:neighbor后面有什么?
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor ?
|
||||
A.B.C.D Neighbor address
|
||||
brief Brief neighbor information ← 要这个简洁版
|
||||
bvi Bvi interface
|
||||
detail Detailed neighbor information
|
||||
graceful-restart The information of LDP graceful restart neighbor
|
||||
instance The information of LDP instance ← 还可以指定实例
|
||||
|
||||
# 第3层:instance后面跟什么?
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance ?
|
||||
<1-65535> LDP instance id
|
||||
|
||||
# 第4层:执行完整命令
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1
|
||||
15:20:54 Beijing Mon Jul 20 2026
|
||||
Codes: D:Direct, T:Targeted, D&T:Direct&Targeted
|
||||
Total number of neigbors:0
|
||||
Operational:0 (D:0,T:0,D&T:0) (IPv4:0,IPv6:0,IPv4&IPv6:0)
|
||||
Not operational:0 (D:0,T:0,D&T:0) (IPv4:0,IPv6:0,IPv4&IPv6:0)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 高级技巧:组合使用 `?` 和其他工具
|
||||
|
||||
### 技巧1:利用 `<cr>` 提示判断命令完整性
|
||||
|
||||
当 `?` 输出中包含 `<cr>` 时,表示当前命令已经完整,可以直接执行:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1 ?
|
||||
<cr> ← 看到这个,就知道可以直接回车执行了
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 技巧2:使用管道符 `|` 过滤大量输出
|
||||
|
||||
当某个命令输出太多时,用 `?` 查看可用的过滤选项:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route ?
|
||||
| Output modifiers
|
||||
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route | ?
|
||||
begin Begin with the line that matches
|
||||
count Count the number of lines that match
|
||||
exclude Exclude lines that match
|
||||
include Include lines that match
|
||||
section Print only the section that matches
|
||||
|
||||
# 实际应用:只看包含特定前缀的路由
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route | include 4.1.1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 技巧3:在配置模式下同样适用
|
||||
|
||||
`?` 不仅适用于特权模式(`#`),也适用于配置模式(`(config)#`):
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#configure terminal
|
||||
MER1(config)#router bgp 100
|
||||
MER1(config-bgp-router)#neighbor ?
|
||||
A.B.C.D Neighbor IPv4 address
|
||||
X:X::X:X Neighbor IPv6 address
|
||||
peer-group Name of peer group
|
||||
|
||||
MER1(config-bgp-router)#neighbor 10.26.63.152 ?
|
||||
activate Enable the neighbor
|
||||
advertisement-interval Set minimum interval between sending routing updates
|
||||
allowas-in Allow AS in path
|
||||
...
|
||||
next-hop-self Disable the next hop calculation for this neighbor ← 关键配置!
|
||||
...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 技巧4:识别命令缩写规则
|
||||
|
||||
通过 `?` 可以发现命令的简写形式:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
MER1#sh ?
|
||||
show Show running system information
|
||||
|
||||
MER1#show mpls forw ?
|
||||
forwarding-table Show MPLS forwarding-table information ← forw是forwarding的合法缩写
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**规律**:只要输入的字母能唯一标识一个命令,就可以缩写。例如:
|
||||
- `show` → `sh`
|
||||
- `forwarding-table` → `forw`
|
||||
- `configuration` → `conf`
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 常见命令树结构对比
|
||||
|
||||
### ZTE vs Huawei vs Cisco
|
||||
|
||||
| 功能 | ZTE (ZXROS) | Huawei (VRP) | Cisco (IOS) |
|
||||
|------|-------------|--------------|-------------|
|
||||
| 查看BGP VPNv4路由 | `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <name> route` | `display bgp vpnv4 routing-table vpn-instance <name>` | `show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <name>` |
|
||||
| 查看MPLS转发表 | `show mpls forwarding-table` | `display mpls lsp` | `show mpls forwarding-table` |
|
||||
| 查看LDP邻居 | `show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1` | `display mpls ldp session` | `show mpls ldp neighbor` |
|
||||
| Ping VRF内地址 | `ping vrf <name> <ip>` | `ping -vpn-instance <name> <ip>` | `ping vrf <name> <ip>` |
|
||||
|
||||
**结论**:虽然命令相似,但细节有差异。**必须针对每种设备单独探索**。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 错误处理与注意事项
|
||||
|
||||
### 注意1:命令前缀限制
|
||||
|
||||
某些平台可能限制特定命令的使用:
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 如果收到 "command_not_allowed_prefix" 错误
|
||||
MER1#trace vrf test 4.1.1.1
|
||||
%Error: command_not_allowed_prefix
|
||||
```
|
||||
**原因**:`trace` 命令可能被netx等平台限制。此时应尝试:
|
||||
- 改用完整路径 `traceroute`
|
||||
- 检查权限级别
|
||||
- 使用替代命令(如通过ping逐跳测试)
|
||||
|
||||
### 注意2:区分"不完整命令"和"无匹配"
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 不完整命令(Incomplete command)- 说明方向对,继续用?探索
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test
|
||||
%Error 140305: Incomplete command.
|
||||
|
||||
# 无匹配(Unrecognized command)- 说明走错路了,退回上一层
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test xyz
|
||||
%Error: Unrecognized command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 注意3:空格敏感性
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 正确:每个层级之间有空格
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1
|
||||
|
||||
# 错误:连在一起会当成一个单词
|
||||
MER1#show mplsldpneighborbriefinstance1
|
||||
%Error: Unrecognized command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 练习:自主探索以下命令
|
||||
|
||||
请用 `?` 方法探索下列命令的完整语法(答案不唯一):
|
||||
|
||||
1. 查看ISIS邻接关系
|
||||
2. 查看OSPF邻居详细信息
|
||||
3. 查看VRF IP_RAN的路由表
|
||||
4. 查看MPLS标签绑定信息
|
||||
5. 查看BGP从邻居10.26.63.152收到的路由
|
||||
|
||||
**参考答案**(实际以设备为准):
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. ISIS邻接
|
||||
MER1#show isis adjacency
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. OSPF邻居详细
|
||||
MER1#show ip ospf neighbor detail
|
||||
|
||||
# 3. VRF IP_RAN路由
|
||||
MER1#show ip forwarding route vrf IP_RAN
|
||||
|
||||
# 4. MPLS标签绑定
|
||||
MER1#show mpls ldp bindings
|
||||
|
||||
# 5. BGP从邻居收到的路由
|
||||
MER1#show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test received 10.26.63.152
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 总结:命令探索五步法
|
||||
|
||||
1. **定方向**:从最顶层开始(`show ?`, `ping ?`, `configure ?`)
|
||||
2. **剥洋葱**:每层用 `?` 查看下一级选项,选择最相关的分支
|
||||
3. **看提示**:注意 `<cr>`、`WORD`、`A.B.C.D` 等元提示
|
||||
4. **试执行**:看到 `<cr>` 就执行,观察输出验证猜测
|
||||
5. **记笔记**:把成功的命令路径记录下来(就像本文档做的)
|
||||
|
||||
**终极心法**:不要怕敲错,`?` 永远不会嘲笑你。每个网络专家都是从不停地敲 `?` 开始的。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 附录:快速参考卡片
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 通用探索模板
|
||||
<command> ? # 查看下一级选项
|
||||
<command> <subcommand> ? # 继续深入
|
||||
...
|
||||
<full-command> <cr> # 看到<cr>就可以执行
|
||||
|
||||
# 特殊符号含义
|
||||
<cr> - 可以直接回车执行
|
||||
WORD - 任意字符串(通常是名字、ID等)
|
||||
A.B.C.D - IPv4地址格式
|
||||
X:X::X:X - IPv6地址格式
|
||||
<1-65535> - 数字范围
|
||||
| - 管道符,用于过滤输出
|
||||
> - 重定向到文件
|
||||
|
||||
# 经典命令树深度
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <name> route # 7层
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id> # 6层
|
||||
ping vrf <name> <ip> # 4层
|
||||
configure terminal # 2层
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**文档版本**:v1.0
|
||||
**最后更新**:2026-07-20
|
||||
**维护者**:基于真实设备(MER1)验证
|
||||
245
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/故障处理常用命令.md
Normal file
245
docs/ip-knowledge-base/zte/06_标准SOP与工具脚本/故障处理常用命令.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
|
|||
# 故障处理常用命令目录集(ZTE ZXROS)
|
||||
|
||||
> **设备**:MER1 @ 10.229.234.136 (ZXCTN 9000-3EA, V5.00.10.70)
|
||||
> **更新时间**:2026-07-20
|
||||
> **验证状态**:✅ 已验证 / ❌ 错误命令(已删除)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 一、BGP相关命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.1 BGP IPv4单播
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast # BGP IPv4单播路由表
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast summary # BGP IPv4摘要信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.2 BGP VPNv4
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast # VPNv4 BGP路由表(所有VRF)
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast summary # VPNv4 BGP摘要
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> route # 指定VRF的VPNv4路由表
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> # 指定VRF的VPNv4路由(Incomplete command,需要加route)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.3 BGP配置查看
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show running-config bgp # BGP运行配置
|
||||
show running-config router bgp <as-number> # BGP进程配置
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.4 BGP IPv4单播详细
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbor # BGP IPv4邻居信息
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbor <ip-address> # 指定邻居的详细信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 二、IGP相关命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.1 IS-IS
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show isis adjacency # IS-IS邻接关系
|
||||
show isis database # IS-IS链路状态数据库
|
||||
show isis hostname # IS-IS动态主机名映射
|
||||
show isis circuit # IS-IS电路信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.2 OSPF
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show ip ospf neighbor # OSPF邻居关系
|
||||
show ip ospf interface brief # OSPF接口简要信息
|
||||
show ip ospf interface # OSPF接口详细信息
|
||||
show ip ospf database # OSPF链路状态数据库
|
||||
show ip ospf database router-link # OSPF Type-1 LSA(Router LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database network # OSPF Type-2 LSA(Network LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database summary # OSPF Type-3 LSA(Summary LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database asbr # OSPF Type-4 LSA(ASBR Summary LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database external # OSPF Type-5 LSA(External LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database nssa # OSPF Type-7 LSA(NSSA External LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database self-originate # OSPF自生成的LSA
|
||||
show ip ospf border-routers # OSPF边界路由器信息
|
||||
show ip ospf virtual-links # OSPF虚链路信息
|
||||
show ip ospf # OSPF进程概要信息
|
||||
show ip ospf route # OSPF路由表(按进程显示)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 三、MPLS/LDP相关命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.1 MPLS转发
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table # MPLS标签转发表
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop-ip> # 特定下一跳的标签转发表
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.2 LDP会话和绑定
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id> # LDP邻居简要信息(必须指定instance!)
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor instance <id> # LDP邻居详细信息
|
||||
show mpls ldp parameters instance <id> # LDP参数配置
|
||||
show mpls ldp binding instance <id> # LDP标签绑定信息(全局)
|
||||
show mpls ldp discovery instance <id> # LDP发现信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.3 LDP配置
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show running-config ldp # LDP运行配置
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 四、VRF相关命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.1 VRF路由
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name> # VRF路由表
|
||||
show ip route vpn # 查看所有VPN路由
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.2 VRF业务测试
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
ping vrf <vrf-name> <dest-ip> # Ping测VRF内地址
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 五、隧道相关命令
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 暂无已验证的隧道查询命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 六、接口和路由基础命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 6.1 接口状态
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show interface brief # 接口简要信息
|
||||
show ip interface brief # IP接口简要信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6.2 全局路由
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show ip forwarding route # 全局IPv4路由表
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6.3 ARP/MAC
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show arp # ARP表
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 七、系统基础命令
|
||||
|
||||
### 7.1 系统信息
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show version # 版本信息
|
||||
show running-config # 当前运行配置
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 八、快速排障组合
|
||||
|
||||
### 8.1 BGP跨域故障(已验证组合)
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 第零层:业务测试
|
||||
ping vrf test 4.1.1.1 # 1. Ping测业务连通性
|
||||
|
||||
# 第一层:VRF路由检查
|
||||
show ip forwarding route vrf test # 2. 检查VRF路由表
|
||||
|
||||
# 第二层:MPLS标签检查
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table <next-hop> # 3. 检查MPLS标签转发表
|
||||
show mpls forwarding-table <specific-ip> # 4. 检查特定目的地的标签
|
||||
|
||||
# 第三层:LDP会话检查
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance 1 # 5. 检查LDP邻居状态
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor instance 1 # 6. 检查LDP邻居详细信息
|
||||
show mpls ldp binding instance 1 # 7. 检查LDP标签绑定
|
||||
show mpls ldp parameters instance 1 # 8. 检查LDP参数配置
|
||||
show mpls ldp discovery instance 1 # 9. 检查LDP发现信息
|
||||
|
||||
# 第四层:BGP路由检查
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf test route # 10. 检查BGP VPNv4路由
|
||||
show bgp vpnv4 unicast summary # 11. 检查BGP VPNv4摘要
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast summary # 12. 检查BGP IPv4摘要
|
||||
show bgp ipv4 unicast neighbor # 13. 检查BGP IPv4邻居
|
||||
|
||||
# 第五层:IGP邻接检查
|
||||
show ip ospf neighbor # 14. 检查OSPF邻居
|
||||
show isis adjacency # 15. 检查IS-IS邻接
|
||||
show ip ospf interface brief # 16. 检查OSPF接口状态
|
||||
show isis database # 17. 检查IS-IS数据库
|
||||
show isis circuit # 18. 检查IS-IS电路
|
||||
|
||||
# 第六层:基础路由检查
|
||||
show ip forwarding route # 19. 检查全局路由表
|
||||
show ip interface brief # 20. 检查IP接口状态
|
||||
show arp # 21. 检查ARP表
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 8.2 OSPF详细排障
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show ip ospf # OSPF进程总览
|
||||
show ip ospf interface # OSPF接口详细信息
|
||||
show ip ospf database # OSPF LSDB
|
||||
show ip ospf database router-link # OSPF Type-1 LSA(Router LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database network # OSPF Type-2 LSA(Network LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database summary # OSPF Type-3 LSA(Summary LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database asbr # OSPF Type-4 LSA(ASBR Summary LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database external # OSPF Type-5 LSA(External LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database nssa # OSPF Type-7 LSA(NSSA External LSA)
|
||||
show ip ospf database self-originate # OSPF自生成LSA
|
||||
show ip ospf border-routers # OSPF边界路由器
|
||||
show ip ospf virtual-links # OSPF虚链路
|
||||
show ip ospf route # OSPF路由表(按进程显示)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 8.3 IS-IS详细排障
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show isis adjacency # IS-IS邻接
|
||||
show isis database # IS-IS LSDB
|
||||
show isis hostname # IS-IS动态主机名映射
|
||||
show isis circuit # IS-IS电路信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 8.4 LDP详细排障
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id> # LDP邻居简要信息
|
||||
show mpls ldp neighbor instance <id> # LDP邻居详细信息
|
||||
show mpls ldp parameters instance <id> # LDP参数配置
|
||||
show mpls ldp binding instance <id> # LDP标签绑定
|
||||
show mpls ldp discovery instance <id> # LDP发现信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 九、命令语法说明
|
||||
|
||||
### 9.1 重要注意事项
|
||||
1. **LDP命令必须指定instance**:`show mpls ldp neighbor brief instance <id>` ✅
|
||||
- `show mpls ldp neighbor brief` ❌ Incomplete command
|
||||
|
||||
2. **BGP VPNv4路由查询**:`show bgp vpnv4 unicast vrf <vrf-name> route` ✅
|
||||
- `show bgp vpnv4 unicast rd-by-vrf <vrf-name>` ❌ Incomplete command
|
||||
- `show bgp ipv4 unicast route` ❌ Ambiguous command
|
||||
|
||||
3. **VRF路由查询**:`show ip forwarding route vrf <vrf-name>` ✅
|
||||
- `show ip route vrf <vrf-name>` ❌ Invalid input
|
||||
- `show ipv4 route vrf <vrf-name>` ❌ Invalid input
|
||||
|
||||
### 9.2 特殊字符限制
|
||||
netx平台限制了管道符等特殊字符的使用,建议分步执行命令。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
**文档维护**:
|
||||
- 最后更新:2026-07-20
|
||||
- 验证设备:MER1 @ 10.229.234.136
|
||||
- 关联文档:`命令探索方法论.md`、`BGP跨域排障命令速查.md`
|
||||
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