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openclaw/docs/concepts/session-pruning.md

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+---
+title: "Session Pruning"
+summary: "Trimming old tool results to keep context lean and caching efficient"
+read_when:
+  - You want to reduce context growth from tool outputs
+  - You want to understand Anthropic prompt cache optimization
+---
+
+# Session Pruning
+
+Session pruning trims **old tool results** from the context before each LLM
+call. It reduces context bloat from accumulated tool outputs (exec results, file
+reads, search results) without rewriting normal conversation text.
+
+<Info>
+Pruning is in-memory only -- it does not modify the on-disk session transcript.
+Your full history is always preserved.
+</Info>
+
+## Why it matters
+
+Long sessions accumulate tool output that inflates the context window. This
+increases cost and can force [compaction](/concepts/compaction) sooner than
+necessary.
+
+Pruning is especially valuable for **Anthropic prompt caching**. After the cache
+TTL expires, the next request re-caches the full prompt. Pruning reduces the
+cache-write size, directly lowering cost.
+
+## How it works
+
+1. Wait for the cache TTL to expire (default 5 minutes).
+2. Find old tool results for normal pruning (conversation text is left alone).
+3. **Soft-trim** oversized results -- keep the head and tail, insert `...`.
+4. **Hard-clear** the rest -- replace with a placeholder.
+5. Reset the TTL so follow-up requests reuse the fresh cache.
+
+## Legacy image cleanup
+
+OpenClaw also runs a separate idempotent cleanup for older legacy sessions that
+persisted raw image blocks in history.
+
+- It preserves the **3 most recent completed turns** byte-for-byte so prompt
+  cache prefixes for recent follow-ups stay stable.
+- Older already-processed image blocks in `user` or `toolResult` history can be
+  replaced with `[image data removed - already processed by model]`.
+- This is separate from normal cache-TTL pruning. It exists to stop repeated
+  image payloads from busting prompt caches on later turns.
+
+## Smart defaults
+
+OpenClaw auto-enables pruning for Anthropic profiles:
+
+| Profile type                                            | Pruning enabled | Heartbeat |
+| ------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | --------- |
+| Anthropic OAuth/token auth (including Claude CLI reuse) | Yes             | 1 hour    |
+| API key                                                 | Yes             | 30 min    |
+
+If you set explicit values, OpenClaw does not override them.
+
+## Enable or disable
+
+Pruning is off by default for non-Anthropic providers. To enable:
+
+```json5
+{
+  agents: {
+    defaults: {
+      contextPruning: { mode: "cache-ttl", ttl: "5m" },
+    },
+  },
+}
+```
+
+To disable: set `mode: "off"`.
+
+## Pruning vs compaction
+
+|            | Pruning            | Compaction              |
+| ---------- | ------------------ | ----------------------- |
+| **What**   | Trims tool results | Summarizes conversation |
+| **Saved?** | No (per-request)   | Yes (in transcript)     |
+| **Scope**  | Tool results only  | Entire conversation     |
+
+They complement each other -- pruning keeps tool output lean between
+compaction cycles.
+
+## Further reading
+
+- [Compaction](/concepts/compaction) -- summarization-based context reduction
+- [Gateway Configuration](/gateway/configuration) -- all pruning config knobs
+  (`contextPruning.*`)